Minimizing SONET ADM costs in single-hub SONET/WDM ring networks via traffic grooming has been discussed in a number of recent works. Recent work [12] gives the exact minimum costs of uniform traffic in both UPSR and BLSR/2 and proves that the BLSR/2 would never be more expensive than UPSR under any traffic pattern, if all wavelengths have same capacity. In this paper we consider how to groom b...

The experiment was run at the Agricultural Experiment Farm, Grabów, operated by the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation – National Research Institute in Puławy in the years 2005–2007. The study comprised blue lupin varieties: cv. Graf, cv. Zeus (indeterminate type), cv. Sonet, cv. Boruta (determinate type). The experiment was arranged as a split-plot-split-block design with four rep...

The architecture of today's long distance transmission networks, which we call the baseline architecture, is a complex and multi-layered hierarchy of Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM) circuits. One premise of the baseline architecture is that restoration from network failures is provided mostly by SONET/SDH rings. This paper presents an alternative architecture that uses ATM and Optical Layer Cr...

We consider the role of switching in minimizing the number of electronic ports (e.g., SONET ADMs) in an optical network that carries sub-wavelength traffic. Providing nodes with the ability to switch traffic between wavelengths, such as through the use of SONET cross-connects, can reduce the required number of electronic ports. We show that only small switches at multiple switching nodes are ne...

In WDM msmission, each data channel is carried on a unique wavelength (or optical fnquency) and a single optical fiber has many different wavelengths. A lightpath (wavelength continuous path without processing in intermediate nodes) is needed to set up for an end-bend transmission Because of the lightpath continuity constraint, we need to consider the routing as well as pick up appropriate wave...

We develop stochastic integer programming techniques tailored toward solving a Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) ring design problem with uncertain demands. Our approach is based on an L-shaped algorithm, whose (integer) master program prescribes a candidate network design, and whose (continuous) subproblems relay information regarding potential shortage penalty costs to the ring design decis...

This paper studies the design of low-cost survivable wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks. To achieve survivability, lightpaths are arranged as a set of rings. Arrangement in rings is also necessary to support SONET/SDH protection schemes such as 4FBLSR above the optical layer. This is expected to be the most common architecture in regional (metro) networks [9]. We assume that we are...

The shift from native Ethernet in LANs to switched Ethernet in WANs has propelled efforts of making Ethernet as an ideal candidate technology for transport. Carrier Ethernet has the advantage of being able to be offered as a service to customers. Two questions that we desire to answer in this paper are (1) how Carrier Ethernet can scale as a service in the metropolitan and access premises and (...

The 3 km Dark Target (DT) aerosol optical depth (AOD) products, 10 km DT and Deep Blue (DB) AOD products from the Collection 6 (C6) product data of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are compared with Sun-sky Radiometer Network (SONET) measurements at Song Mountain in central China, where ground-based remote sensing measurements of aerosol properties are still very limited. T...

High-gain amplifiers require offset compensation (OC) to achieve high input sensitivity. The classical way to achieve such compensation in wide bandwidth applications with NRZ data streams, as encountered in SONET applications, is to feed the output of the amplifier back to its input through a low bandwidth filter [1,2], such as an RC filter, as shown on the left side of Fig. 12.7.1. Unfortunat...