BACKGROUND The spread of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major public health problems through the world. Surveillance of anti-TB drug resistance is essential for monitoring of TB control strategies. The occurrence of drug resistance, particularly multi-drug resistance Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR), defined as resistance to at least rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH), has bec...

Commuters can complete their “home-work-home” trips by three options: subway-only mode, auto-only mode, and park-and-ride mode on a bottleneck-constrained corridor. The purpose of this paper is to enhance the insights into pricing mechanism for subway and parking and corresponding mode choice behavior on the corridor with elastic demand. A nested logit-based stochastic user equilibrium model is...

An integrated urban transportation system usually consists of multiple transport modes that have complementary characteristics of capacities, speeds, and costs, facilitating smooth passenger transfers according to planned schedules. However, such an integration is not designed to operate under disruptive events, e.g., a signal failure at a subway station or a breakdown of a bus, which have ripp...

Outdoor and indoor (subway) samples were collected by passive sampling in urban Seoul (Korea) and analyzed with computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (CCSEM-EDX). Soil/road dust particles accounted for 42%-60% (by weight) of fine particulate matter larger than 1 µm (PM(2.5-1.0)) in outdoor samples and 18% of PM2.5-1.0 in subway sample...

Little information on the evaluation of airborne particulate matter (APM) and sedimentation particles from subway stations is available. The thermal metamorphism of train wheels generating toxic particles in subway stations is a possibility. In this study, the toxicity and physiological effects of particles from subway stations were evaluated using a yeast bioassay system. Estrogenic and anties...

Studies have shown that cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, blood lipid levels, start early in childhood and some are on the rise in children. Data on trends are important in order to identify if there is a problem. This study, part of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, determined and compared the prevalence of overweight and its associated risk factors in 2555, 1 329 and 1158 Tehran...

This paper discusses the dynamic of context through the use of a context-based formalism called contextual graphs that has been initially developed in the SART application for the development of a support system in incident solving on a subway line. First, we present the formalism of contextual graphs through its new implementation. Second, we discuss the dynamic of context in contextual graphs...

The mother of your child’s best friend. The man who waited on you at the hardware store last week. Your brother-in-law. The woman in front of you in the check-out line at the market. Your favorite teacher in high school. The homeless woman who’s always at your subway stop. Your doctor. The eight year old son of the family three doors down. Your co-worker at the plant who brings doughnuts for ev...