Background: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial infection and can directly induce innate host defense responses, which are thought to play critical roles in protecting the tubotympanum from infection. However, little is known about the relationship between TLRs, which are related to innate immunity, and immunoglobulins, which are related to adaptive immunity, in recurrent otitis media w...

The alveolar macrophages (AMs) are frontier of defense against foreign materials that initiate immune response in lungs. Knowledge the expression dynamics major immune-related genes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) challenge can help understand disease mechanism involved several respiratory diseases. aim this study was investigate mRNA selected sheep vivo. Results reveale...

To determine a role of human -Defensin-2 (HBD-2) in defense against cutaneous dermatophyte infection, we investigated the induction of HBD-2 mRNA expression by a nontumorigenic human keratinocyte-derived cell line, HaCaT cells, after co-culture with microconidia collected from the colonies of Trichophyton rubrum. Co-culture of T. rubrum or Candida albicans with HaCaT cells significantly induced...

Most pathogens express ligands for multiple TLRs that share common downstream signaling. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute alcohol on inflammatory pathways induced by TLR2 or TLR4 ligands and their combination. In human monocytes, alcohol attenuated TLR4- but not TLR2-induced TNF-alpha protein and mRNA levels and NF-kappaB activation. In contrast, acute alcohol augmented TNF-a...

Inflammatory responses are central to the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are ligand-activated membrane-bound receptors which induce inflammatory responses predominantly through the activation of NF-κB. TLR2 and 4 are present in proximal tubular cells and are activated by endogenous ligands upregulated in diabetic nephropathy, including high-mobility group box-1...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize structurally conserved components among pathogens, are mainly expressed by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, and macrophages. Recognition through TLRs triggers innate immune responses and influences antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. Although studies on the expression and functions of TLRs in antigen-presenting ...

The acute-phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) is commonly considered a marker for inflammatory diseases; however, its precise role in inflammation and infection, which often result in neutrophilia, remains ambiguous. In this study, we demonstrate that SAA is a potent endogenous stimulator of granulocyte colony-stimulated factor (G-CSF), a principal cytokine-regulating granulocytosis. This effec...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) play a crucial role in innate and adaptive immunity. To date, the pattern of TLR expression has not been fully analyzed. The effects of ultraviolet (UV) light on TLR expression and the downstream signaling cascades of human LC have not been examined. In this study, we purified human epidermal LCs using a density gradient centrifuga...

Methods We performed gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy in 16 children with JIA suffering from gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. The control children (n=25) had GIsymptoms, but eventually were shown not to have any significant GI disease. We analyzed in duodenal and ileal biopsy samples the mRNA expression of IFNg, TGFb, IL6, IL4, FoxP3, IL17A, CTLA4, ICOS, GITR, IL10, IL18, IL12p40, IL23, TLR2, ...

INTRODUCTION We previously reported that IL-29, a newly described member of interferon (IFN) family, was overexpressed in blood and synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and triggered proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression in RA synovial fibroblasts (RA-FLS). This suggests that IL-29 has an important role in synovial inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) also activat...