This paper develops an economic production quantity model in a three-echelon supply chain composing of a supplier, a manufacturer and a wholesaler under two scenarios. As the first scenario, we consider a return contract between the outside supplier and the supplier and also between the manufacturer and the wholesaler, but in the second one, the return policy between the manufacturer and the wh...

Inventory is lifeblood in an organization. Multiechelon inventory of Olympia paper mill, Khyber Pakhtonkhwa is optimized by efficient management of the organizational supply chain (SC). A supply chain is designed starting from raw material receiving from supplier up to finished good delivered to the customer. The on-going setup of the selected organization is traditional based on the experience...

Planning resources for a supply chain is a major factor determining its success or failure. In this paper we build on previous work introducing an Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic model of a multiple echelon supply chain. It is believed that the additional degree of uncertainty provided by Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic will allow for better representation of the uncertainty and vagueness present in re...

The paper considers a two-echelon supply chain where a supplier determines his production quantity and a retailer chooses her order size and retail price for each period in an infinite horizon. Under a price-discount sharing (PDS) scheme, the supplier’s wholesale price linearly depends on the retail price. We develop a stochastic game in which these two supply chain members maximize their disco...

We provide a broad characterization of the supply chain settings in which perfect coordination can be achieved with a simple wholesale pricing scheme based on constant unit wholesale prices or a single quantity discount scheme. We confine ourselves to two-echelon chains with a single supplier servicing a network of retailers who compete with each other by selecting retail prices (Bertrand compe...

In many industrial sectors, firms are dealing with a demand which is more and more uncertain often due to the supply chain structure. One of the most critical effects of demand uncertainty is the simultaneous increase of inventories and decrease of customer service. This work describes an integrated system for managing inventories in a multi-echelon spare parts supply chain, in which customers ...

The importance of supply chains in pharmacological industry is remarkable so that nowadays many pharmacological supply chains have an effective and critical role for supplying and distributing drugs in health area. So, this study studies a three-echelon pharmacological supply chain contained multi-distributor of raw materials, a pharmaceutical factory, and multi-drug distributors companies such...

Multi-echelon distribution systems are quite common in supply-chain and logistic management. They are used by public administrations in their transportation and traffic planning strategies as well as by companies to model their distribution systems. In the literature, most studies address issues related to the movement of flows throughout the system from the origins to their final destinations....

Supply chain management (SCM) is an emerging field that has commanded attention and support from the industrial community. Demand forecast taking inventory into consideration is an important issue in SCM. There are many diverse inventory systems, in theory or practice, which are operated by entities (companies) in a supply chain. In order to increase supply chain effectiveness, minimize total c...

*Correspondence: [email protected] 1School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China Full list of author information is available at the end of the article Abstract This paper explores a supply chain pricing competition problem in a two-echelon supply chain with one manufacturer and two competing retailers. The manufacturing costs, sales costs, and ma...