Nowadays, the use of small vehicles is spreading among urban areas and one sort of these vehicles are three-wheeled vehicles (TWVs) which can be competitive with four-wheeled urban vehicles (FWVs) in aspects such as smallness, simple manufacturing, and low tire rolling resistance, fuel consumption and so on. The most critical instability associated with TWVs is the roll over. In this paper a ti...

This chapter describes how the spatial distribution of economic activity changes as economies develop and grow. We start with the relation between development and rural-urban migration. Moving beyond the coarse rural-urban distinction, we then focus on the continuum of locations in an economy and describe how the patterns of convergence and divergence change with development. As we discuss, the...

Design is a social phenomenon and researchers suggest that social interaction, negotiations and communication between designers are essential to initiate creativity. Within the design studio environment, a number of factors affect the healthy social interaction and design negotiations, such as the teaching style of tutors and the culture that governs a design studio’s environment. This may in t...

This paper presents a new method for the conversion of one style of dependency treebanks into another, using contextual, Constraint Grammar-based transformation rules for both structural changes (attachment) and changes in syntacticfunctional tags (edge labels). In particular, we address the conversion of traditional syntactic dependency annotation into the semantically motivated dependency ann...

One of the land development problems of developing countries is to provide readily available land for new urbanization demands. Compensation based procedures are mostly used land provision methods around the world in urban land development applications but it is both expensive and mandatory. To provide new settlements and built-up areas, there should be a more effective land redistribution proc...

Urban development has enlarged the modification of natural resources and has changed land use and land cover patterns. Urbanization is a process of increase of modernization system which modifies the socioeconomic activities and revolutionizes the land use practice according to time frame. Due to the proximate and underlying causes, land use and land cover change has become the main challenge o...

The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of maritime transportation instability on international trade instability based on wavelet smoothing and spatial panel data econometric method during the period 1990-2012. The results showed that the spatial effects have an impact on international trade instability. So that a sudden 100 percent increase in international trade in the nei...

This article deals with the increasingly digital augmentation of urban space and looks at how so far initiatives in this sense have been deployed in a way that is disconnected from urban design knowledge and practice. The aim here is to contribute to a reflection on how urban design perspectives can – and should – play an important role in informing such developments. It promotes, through a ser...