The notion of pseudo-valuations (valuations) on a BCC-algebra is introduced by using the Buşneag’s model ([1–3]), and a pseudo-metric is induced by a pseudo-valuation on BCC-algebras. Conditions for a real-valued function to be an BCK-pseudo-valuation are provided. The fact that the binary operation in BCC-algebras is uniformly continuous is provided based on the notion of (pseudo) valuation.

We propose a new theory of IPO underpricing where the asymmetry of the underwriter’s incentives and presence of valuation uncertainty makes underpricing unavoidable. We show how the size of underpricing is defined by valuation uncertainty of the stock (“volatility”) and by the fee level. We quantify the relationship between level of underpricing and level of price volatility. We also show that ...

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Based on the Buşneag’s model ([2, 3, 4]), the notion of pseudovaluations (valuations) on a BE-algebra is introduced, and a pseudometric is induced by a pseudo-valuation on BE-algebras. Related properties are investigated, and conditions for a real-valued function on a BE-algebra to be a pseudo-valuation are discussed. Using the notion of (pseudo) valuation, we show that the binary operation in ...

Probability distortions for constructing nonlinear G-expectations for the bid and ask or lower and upper prices in continuous time are here extended to the direct use of measure distortions. Fairly generally measure distortions can be constructed as probability distortions applied to an exponential distribution function on the half line. The valuation methodologies are extended beyond contract ...

BACKGROUND EQ-5D-3L valuation studies continue to employ the MVH protocol or variants of MVH. One issue that has received attention is the selection of the states for direct valuation by respondents. Changes in the valuation subset have been found to change the coefficients of the utility function. The purpose of this study was to test the performance of valuation subsets based on orthogonal ex...

Durable goods manufacturers often design product lines by segmenting their markets on quality attributes—attributes that exhibit a ‘‘more is better’’ property for all consumers. Since products within a product line are partial substitutes, and consumers can self-select the products they want to purchase, multiproduct firms have to carefully consider the cannibalization problem in designing thei...

It is shown that every commutative local ring of bounded module type is an almost maximal valuation ring. We say that an associative commutative unitary ring R is of bounded module type if there exists a positive integer n such that every finitely generated R-module is a direct sum of submodules generated by at most n elements. For instance, every Dedekind domain has bounded module type with bo...

We introduce a new solution concept for games in extensive form with perfect information: the valuation equilibrium. The moves of each player are partitioned into similarity classes. A valuation of the player is a real valued function on the set of her similarity classes. At each node a player chooses a move that belongs to a class with maximum valuation. The valuation of each player is consist...