one small-scale double emulsion technique for incorporation of naja- naja oxiana venom into poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (plga) microspheres were developed and optimized. the effects of high speed homogenization on the double emulsion stability, microsphere size, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release of venom were studied. a stable double emulsion was verified by homogenization method. slow...

objective(s): snake venoms contain complex mixture of proteins with biological activities. some of these proteins affect blood coagulation and platelet function in different ways. snake venom toxin may serve as a starting material for drug design to combat several pathophysiological problems such as cardiovascular disorders. in the present study, purification of anticoagulation factor from veno...

background: latrodectism, a syndrome caused by latrodectus genus, is one of the clinical problems that occur predominantly in north east of iran. nowadays antivenom therapy has become the most useful treatment for animal bites; however there is still a controversy about route and time of antivenom administration in spider bite. the aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of speci...

background hemolyis of red blood cells is a serious toxic effect commonly found among patients envenomed by hemiscorpius lepturus scorpion. objectives the aim of the present study was to evlaute the efficay of the avaible polyvalent antivneom in preventing this phenomena. materials and methods using a red blood cell fragility test, the anti-hemolytic effectiveness of a new antivenom serum again...

honey bee sting is used in some societies as a treatment of inflammation in joint diseases such as arthritis. to investigate the effect of honey bee venom in reducing inflammation, we selected 30 male wister rats which were divided in to 6 groups. except group 1, all remaining groups received 0.5 ml of complete freund’s adjuvant to induce arthritis. after 9 days, all animals that received adjuv...

objective: envenomation by heamotoxic snakes constituted a critical health occurrence in the world. bleeding is the most sever consequence following snake bite with viperid and crothalid snakes. it is believed that the degradation of vascular membrane caused hemorrhage; in contrast, some suggested that direct cytotoxicity has role in endothelial cell disturbances. this study was to evaluate the...

the effect of odonthobuthos doriae (o.d) scorpion venom at 0/3, 1 and 3, 10 µg/ml concentrations were investigated on nerve-muscle transmission, using the twitch tension technique. a concentration of 0.3 µg/ml caused a small change in the twitch height in response to indirect muscle stimulation, but higher concentrations (1, 3, 10 µg/ml) caused a transient augmentation in twitch response follow...

Potassium channels are trans-membrane proteins, which selectively transport K+ ions across cell membranes and play a key role in regulating the physiology of excitability cells and signal transduction pathways. Bothutous Schach (BS) scorpion venom consists of several polypeptides that could modulate ion channels. In this study, the effects of BS crude venom on passive and active electrophysiolo...

The fraction (venom B) of spine venom from the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) caused contractions of the uterus of rats and enhanced vascular permeability in rabbits. The venom B-induced contraction of the smooth muscle was depressed by inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis such as indomethacin or aspirin, but not by the anticholinergic agent, atropine. The fraction with the uter...

The chitosan nanoparticles used widely as a drug delivery systems recently. In the present study the Echis carinataus snake venom loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared based on ionic gelation of tripolyphosphate and chitosan. The nanoparticles physicochemical characteristics, stability and biological activity of encapsulated venom were studied. The particles were spherical in shape and th...