Abstract The water distribution system serves as a basic necessity for society. Due to its large size and involvement of various components, it is one the most expensive civil infrastructures thus demands optimization. Much work has been done reduce cost. However, with only objective, obtained solutions may not be practical implement. Thus, improving cost along efficiency network demand hour. p...

This paper exam ines the emergen ce of a new logic of water management in develop ing cities. We argue that water provision is characteri sed by two largely disconnected circu its of water supply. Formally organ ised distribution networks provide a publicly subsid ised service to higher-in come users, while an informal system of water vendors provides a more expensive supply to margin alised co...