Cranial vault and facial sutures interpose between mineralized bones of the skull, and may function analogously to appendicular and cranial base growth plates. However, unlike growth plates that are composed of chondrocyte lineage, cranial and facial sutures possess heterogeneous cell lineages such as mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts, in addition to vascular-derived cells. Despit...

The steady-state equations for a charged gas or uid consisting of several components, exposed to an electric eld, are considered. These equations form a system of strongly coupled, quasilinear elliptic equations which in some situations can be derived from the Boltzmann equation. The model uses the duality between the thermodynamic uxes and the thermo-dynamic forces. Physically motivated mixed ...

Teeth are generally used for actions in which they experience mainly compressive forces acting toward the base. The ordered tooth enamel(oid) and dentin structures contribute to the high compressive strength but also to the minor shear and tensile strengths. Some vertebrates, however, use their teeth for scraping, with teeth experiencing forces directed mostly normal to their long axis. Some sc...

OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to investigate mandibular deformation under clenching and to estimate its effect on the stability of orthodontic mini-implants (OMI). METHODS Three finite element models were constructed using computed tomography (CT) images of 3 adults with different mandibular plane angles (A, low; B, average; and C, high). An OMI was placed between #45 and #46 in each ...

We argue that C. Darwin and more recently W. Hennig worked at times under the simplifying assumption of an eternal biosphere. So motivated, we explicitly consider the consequences which follow mathematically from this assumption, and the infinite graphs it leads to. This assumption admits certain clusters of organisms which have some ideal theoretical properties of species, shining some light o...

A combination of physical and chemical processes is involved in determining the bacterial cell shape. In standard medium, Escherichia coli cells are rod-shaped, and maintain a constant diameter during exponential growth. Here, we demonstrate that by applying compressive forces to growing E. coli, cells no longer retain their rod-like shapes but grow and divide with a flat pancake-like geometry....

All current formulations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics open chemical reaction networks rely on the assumption non-interacting species. We develop a general theory that accounts for interactions between species within mean-field approach using activity coefficients. Thermodynamic consistency requires rate equations do not obey standard mass-action kinetics but account with concentration depen...

Quotient Image (QI) algorithm has been widely used in face recognition and rerendering under varying illumination conditions. One of the inaccuracies of QI algorithm is the assumption of ‘‘Ideal Class’’, that all faces have the same surface normal (3D shape). However, in practice this assumption is often not true. To reduce the inaccuracy, the Non-Ideal Class Non-Point Light source QI (NIC-NPL-...