The tone languages of sub-Saharan Africa raise challenging questions for the design of new writing systems. Marking too much or too little tone can have grave consequences for the usability of an orthography. Orthography development, past and present, rests on a raft of sociolinguistic issues having little to do with the technical phonological concerns that usually preoccupy orthographers. Some...

Abstract A method for direct fabrication of 3D silver microstructures with high throughput on virtually any substrate is presented. The based laser-induced photoreduction ions to atoms, supported by nucleation, functionalization and a multiple exposure process. combination the novel photosensitive suspension scheme enables effective speeds up 1 cm per second, minimum structure size less than μm...

COST Action 15221 (Advancing effective institutional models towards cohesive teaching, learning, research and writing development) strives to create synergy among supports for four crucial components of academic career – writing.

The stroke sequence of kanji has been investigated chiefly from the viewpoint of energy in the dynamics of writing together with the informational viewpoint in memorization in learning. Sample characters include all the members for daily use, and also katakana. The results show that the standard sequence fundamentally follows the law of energy minimization in writing movements, The degree of sa...

C4 photosynthesis is perhaps one of the best examples of convergent adaptive evolution with over 25 independent origins in the grasses (Poaceae) alone. The availability of high quality grass genome sequences presents new opportunities to explore the mechanisms underlying this complex trait using evolutionary biology-based approaches. In this study, we performed genome-wide cross-species selecti...

The aim of our study was to evolve views on writing disorders in Wernicke's agraphia by comparing group data and analysis of a single patient. We showed how a single-case study can be useful in obtaining essential results that can be hidden by averaging group data. Analysis of a single patient proved to be important for resolving contradictions of the "holistic" and "elementaristic" paradigms o...

not take the place of a standardized logistic regression coefficient for valuating the strength of the influences of the independent variables on the dependent variable, relative to one another.” The strength of each independent variable cannot be judged based on the magnitude of the OR, so that a larger OR for one independent variable might not have a stronger association than a smaller OR for...