We introduce Multi-Modal Utility Trees (MMU), an algorithm for autonomously learning decision treebased state abstractions in Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes with multi-modal observations. MMU builds the trees using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test. Additionally, MMU incorporates the ability to perform online tree restructuring, enabling it to build and maintain a compact ...

This study investigated speaker variation in the production of various acoustic cues of prominence, including duration and intensity measures. The Bayesian Information Criterion was used to specify a threshold distinction between cues that are linearly vs. piece-wise linearly predictors of the degree of perceived prominence. For all speakers, some features are linear and some features are discr...

There is evidence that the numbers in probabilistic inference don’t really matter. This paper considers the idea that we can make a probabilistic model simpler by making fewer distinctions. Unfortunately, the level of a Bayesian network seems too coarse; it is unlikely that a parent will make little difference for all values of the other parents. In this paper we consider an approximation schem...

Linguistic research to date has determined many of the factors that structure the spatial schemas found across spoken languages. It is now feasible to determine the comprehensive system that these factors constitute. Among its features, this system has a relatively closed, universally available inventory of fundamental spatial elements that are combined to form whole schemas; it has a relativel...

The term retinal dysplasia has been em­ ployed with two connotations in the ophthal­ mic literature. Its early usewas the more general, referring to abnormalities in the histogenesis of the developing retina. The term was used more restrictively by Reese and Blodi and Reese and Straatsma to desig­ nate a specific syndrome consisting of multi­ ple congenital anomalies, including bilateral ocular...

‘Symbolic Boundaries’ are the lines that include and define some people, groups, and things while excluding others. These distinctions can be expressed through normative interdictions (taboos), cultural attitudes and practices, and patterns of likes and dislikes. They play an important role in the creation of inequality and the exercise of power. The term ‘symbolic boundaries’ also refers to th...