The key advances in our understanding of atomic structure were made early in the 20th Century. Niels Bohr developed his revolutionary theory of the hydrogen atom in 1913, still largely on classical terms. Then, in the 1920s, the generalization to other atoms and ions came with the development of quantum mechanics, or wave mechanics, by Schroedinger, Heisenberg and others, after de Broglie postu...

Among the significant issues of the subcontinental region, one can refer to the concern over Pakistan’s inability to maintain the security of its nuclear facilities, the illegal increase in its nuclear weapon production, extremist organizations’ access to nuclear weapons, as well as the fact that this country has not joined the NPT treaty. Meanwhile, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA...

N a table showing the existing atomic nuclei it is observed that many groups of isobars occur, the term isobar referring to nuclei of the same atomic weight but different atomic number. It is unreasonable to assume that all isobars have exactly the same energy; one of them therefore will have the lowest energy, the others are unstable. The question arises why the unstable nuclei are in reality ...