Online security remains a challenge to ensure safe transacting on the internet. User authentication, a human-centric process, is regarded as the basis of computer security and hence secure access to online banking services. The increased use of technology to enforce additional actions has the ability to improve the quality of authentication and hence online security, but often at the expense of...

In late 1988, the Indonesian government adopted a number of reforms aimed at deregulating the country's banking sector.' Since the reforms, Indonesia's banking system has been undergoing a transformation from an inefficient system dominated by a relatively small number of state-owned banks, to a more volatile system, in which competition among state and privately owned banks is encouraged.' Thi...

Businesses all over the world are transforming themselves into Electronic Businesses (E-Businesses) to meet the challenges of the 21st Century. Hence the current effort of the Banks in Nigeria aims at becoming efficient businesses in response to customers‟ demands. That is, delivers services more effectively and in so doing, reinforces revenue increase. The goal is to ensure a customer performs...

Two-factor authentication (2FA) schemes aim at strengthening the security of login-password–based authentication by deploying secondary authentication tokens. In this context, mobile 2FA schemes require no additional hardware (such as a smartcard) to store and handle the secondary authentication token, and hence are considered as a reasonable tradeoff between security, usability, and cost. They...

Pakistan banking sector has gone through tremendous technological changes and launched Online banking Information System (OBIS). However, the literature reports that users are uncertain and indecisive to accept and use the system. Therefore, it generates interest for further research to explore the factors behind users’ reluctance to accept and use OBIS. The literature suggests that there is li...

Over the last three decades the role of banking in the process of financial intermediation has been undergoing a profound transformation, owing to changes in the global financial system. India’s banking system has seen some major financial innovations in the past decade as well as steps to promote financial inclusion, schemes that aim to take banking services to yet-to-be-banked areas. The vari...

The study decomposes the sources of Chinese growth by first making a distinction between technological progress and technical efficiency in the growth accounting framework, and then identifying a series of reform programmes, such as urbanization, structural change, privatization, liberalization, banking and fiscal system reforms as the key components in institutional innovation which facilitate...

With the rapid development of the Internet and information technology, electronic commerce system is flourishing. In electronic commerce, customers use electronic money (e-money) instead of cash. E-money in wide use includes electronic cash, electronic checks, electronic coupons, and so on. E-money is fixed at face-value and is backed by banks. The fact that e-money is not issued in the actual ...