Severe environmental problems documented in the Baltic Sea in the 1960s led to the 1974 creation of the Helsinki Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area. We introduce this special issue by briefly summarizing successes and failures of Baltic environmental management in the following 40 years. The loads of many polluting substances have been greatly reduced...

The ecological debt we’ve incurred is dire. We’ve precipitated climate change that’s within one degree centigrade of the maximum temperature in the past million years. Leading scientists say we have ten years at best to make a massive global shift, an extreme carbon makeover. It’s show-time. We’re entering a drastic period of creative destruction. We’ve already begun to trigger what some ecolog...

there is an increased prevalence of maternal substance abuse during pregnancy in younger women in all socioeconomic classes and races. our aim was to determine the prevalence and correlates of self-reported substance abuse among pregnant women and obstetric complications or neonatal outcomes in iran. this retrospective cohort study is covering a five year period on medical records of pregnant w...

OBJECTIVE This study was designed to quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) interventions for adolescent substance use behavior change. METHOD Literature searches of electronic databases were undertaken in addition to manual reference searches of identified review articles. Databases searched include PsycINFO, PUBMED/MEDLINE, and Educational Resources Info...

A n estimated 22.5 million Americans meet criteria for a substance use disorder diagnosis. Opioid use, in particular, has attracted attention recently because overdose deaths due to opioid analgesics have increased nearly 4-fold in the past decade. Effective treatment options have also increased during this period. The impact of these developments on the delivery of substance abuse treatment in...

As a growing literature has documented applications of the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) to substance abuse, the utility or futility of such an application has been debated widely. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the TTM, and its conceptual and empirical applications to the field of substance abuse. This review focuses not only on the stage of change dimension of the TTM, but ...