Despite the necessity of the decision to terminate memory search in many real-world memory tasks, little experimental work has investigated the underlying processes. In this study, the authors investigated termination decisions in free recall by providing participants an open-ended retrieval interval and requiring them to press a stop button when they had finished retrieving. Three variables im...

BACKGROUND An understanding of the characteristics of smokers who have never tried to quit may be useful to help identify and target these individuals and encourage them to attempt to give up smoking. Using national survey data we investigated variables associated with smokers reporting never having tried to quit. METHODS Using data from the 2007 and 2009 UK Office for National Statistics Opi...

BACKGROUND To effectively address the health burden of tobacco use, tobacco control programs must find ways of motivating smokers to quit. The present study examined the extent to which former smokers' motivation to quit was influenced by two tobacco control policies recently introduced in the Waterloo Region: a local smoke-free bylaw and graphic cigarette warning labels. METHODS A random dig...

arsenic is one of the heavy metals and nearly all its compounds, especially organic compounds, are toxic. the wide spectrum of diseases caused by this element has led to evaluation of the toxicity of different arsenic species and identification of the major natural and anthropogenic pollution sources of it in the nature. mining activities are among the main sources of anthropogenic pollution of...

background: heavy metals have detrimental effects on the health of human being. the values of manganese (mn) and lead (pb) in some plant species and soil samples in an arid area of iran were evaluated in this study. methods: the values of pb and mn in 94 plant samples from 8 plant species and the related soil samples in 2010 were considered in shahroud and damghan, central iran. moreover, the s...

Summary Understanding pathogen-agrosystem interaction is particularly essential when applying a control method to minimize pathogen prevalence prior plant infection. To meet this requirement, frequency of major root rot pathogens isolated from bean and seed, their soil populations were examined in farmers’ fields. Multivariate analyses evidenced more frequent isolations Fusarium solani Rhizocto...

Climate change has the potential to alter the distributions of threatened plant species, and may therefore diminish the capacity of nature reserves to protect threatened plant species. Chinese nature reserves contain a rich diversity of plant species that are at risk of becoming more threatened by climate change. Hence, it is urgent to identify the extent to which future climate change may comp...