This paper introduces a graphical notation called algebraic state transition diagrams (ASTD), which allows for the combination of state transition diagrams using classical process algebra operators like sequence, iteration, parallel composition, quantified choice and quantified synchronization. It is inspired from automata, statecharts and process algebras. Hence, it combines the strength of al...

Optimal solutions to Markov decision problems may be very sensitive with respect to the state transition probabilities. In many practical problems, the estimation of these probabilities is far from accurate. Hence, estimation errors are limiting factors in applying Markov decision processes to real-world problems. We consider a robust control problem for a finite-state, finite-action Markov dec...

A discrete ‘social force’ cellular automata model is applied to simulate the occupant evacuation in densely occupied buildings. The relationship between the state transition of pedestrian flow and the exit structure, including the exit width d and the exit separation f, are investigated. Discussions on the appropriate placement of exits and the relationship between the optimal value of f and bu...

Reaction mechanism among indoline-2,3-dione, pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid and (Z)-2-(1-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)ethylidene)hydroxycarboxamide to form 1’-((((aminooxy)carbonyl)amino)methyl)-2’-(1-hydroxynaphthalen-2-yl)-2’-methyl-1’,2’,5’,6’,7’,7a’-hexahydrospiro[indoline-3,3’-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole-2-one was investigated using density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP basis theory. The three-...

We study the formation of a large-scale coherent structure (a condensate) in classical wave equations by considering the defocusing nonlinear Schrödinger equation as a representative model. We formulate a thermodynamic description of the classical condensation process by using a wave turbulence theory with ultraviolet cutoff. In three dimensions the equilibrium state undergoes a phase transitio...

Acoustical measurements, electron spin resonance, and Raman spectroscopy have been employed to probe sulfur over the temperature range 80-180 degrees C, which includes the polymerization transition and the supercooled liquid state. Acoustical properties (sound velocity, absorption, and impedance) have been studied with both longitudinal and transverse waves at frequencies between 500 kHz and 22...

We have shown an example of semiclassical transition in φ4 theory with positive coupling constant. This process can be described by the classical O(4)-invariant solution, considered on a contour in the complex time plane. The transition is technically analogous to the oneinstanton transition in the electroweak model. It is suppressed by the factor exp(−2S0) , where S0 is Lipatov instanton actio...

Observations of coherent cellular behavior cannot be integrated into widely accepted membrane (pump) theory (MT) and its steady state energetics because of the thermal noise of assumed ordinary cell water and freely soluble cytoplasmic K(+). However, Ling disproved MT and proposed an alternative based on coherence, showing that rest (R) and action (A) are two different phases of protoplasm with...

One of the most elusive problems in quantum mechanics is transition between classical and physics. This problem can be traced back to Schr\"odinger's cat thought experiment. A key element that lies at center this lack a clear understanding characterization macroscopic states. Our quantumness relies on states such as Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) or NOON state. Here we take first-principle a...