a. Rationale for protection. The protection of confidential business information dates at least to Roman law, which afforded relief against a person who induced another's employee to divulge secrets relating to the master's commercial affairs. The modern law of trade secrets evolved in England in the early 19th century, apparently in response to the growing accumulation of technical know-how an...

modern world revolutions have created some instruments known as ‎quasi-negotiable instruments which are different from negotiable ones, ‎despite having some similarities to them. commercial custom recognizes ‎them as quasi-negotiable instruments. the principle is that we don’t ‎need new legal regime for this new category because they are right in ‎personam when they are created and rights in re...

abstractderivative action is an action filed by shareholders against corporatedirectors in order to recover corporate’s rights. this mechanism is set up tohave the directors answerable for their failure in carrying out their duties.prior to the ca 2006, foss v. horbottle rule deprived shareholders of takingany action against directors but in exceptional cases. acknowledging theright of filing d...

shareholders of joint stock companies have several rights. the most typical categorization of shareholders' right is financial and non-financial right. every one's intention of investing in commercial companies is to make profit; hence, the most important right of shareholders is to enjoy the dividend of the company. this right is a financial one. furthermore, after dissolution of the...

arbitration is a private justice for the settlement of disputes in the international trade. by reason of number of benefits, international traders prefer the arbitration in relation to the justice tosettle their disputes. confidentiality is one of those benefits. here, there are some questions: is there any source in international commercial judgment that indicates the confidentiality of judgme...