Cortical bone is a composite material composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and collagen. As HAp is a crystalline structure, an X-ray diffraction method is available to measure the strain of HAp crystals. However, HAp crystals in bone tissue have been known to have the low degree of crystallization. Authors have proposed an X-ray diffraction method to measure the lattice strain of HAp crystals from ...

Phase field models for ductile fracture have gained significant attention in the last two decades due to their ability implicitly tracking nucleation and propagation of cracks. However, most crack phase formulations elastoplastic solids focus only on effects plastic deformation , do not consider different multi-axial stress states that may arise practical designs. In this work, a thermodynamica...

One of the most important applications of data envelopment analysis tech-nique is measuring the efficiency of bank branches. Performance measure-ment in the banking industry is important for several groups, including bank managers, customers, investors, and shareholders. The purpose of this study is to examine and design a mixed structure to measure the efficiency of branches of Iranian banks a...

Like velocity, strain induces a time delay and a time scaling to the received signal. Elastography typically uses time delay techniques to indirectly (i.e. via the displacement estimate) measure tissue strain induced by an applied compression, and considers time scaling as a source of distortion. More recently, we have shown that the time scaling factor can also be spectrally estimated and used...

Utilizing optical Fiber Bragg Grating’s (FBG) characteristic of transmission optic signals in noncontact way, the measure method of the twisted, variable cross-section, variable thickness, rotating rectangular blade’s local strain has been presented. Firstly, by using the finite element method to obtain the rotating blade’s natural frequency, modal shape and strain modal shape, the mounting loc...

The presence of defects in a regular structure of graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can significantly influence their mechanical properties. In this work, the effect of an absence of a carbon atom (vacancy defect) on the strength of a graphene sheet and a single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is studied using quasi static molecular dynamics (QSMD) simulations. Results show that a graphene sh...