today, due to the direct and reverse logistics plays an important role in reducing the costs in supply chain. in this paper, in order to provide a closed-loop supply chain network including supply centers, production, distribution, collection, recycling and disposal of a used linear mixed integer programming. this paper to consider multi-period and multi-product in multi-level supply chain and ...

aspirin is one of the certified medicines commonly used for the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction (mi). aspirin side effects and gastrointestinal bleeding, in particular, have arisen debates on its use for the primary prevention of mi. the present research evaluates the cost-effectiveness of the use of aspirin in the primary prevention of mi among iranian men with average cardiovasc...

in this article, a finite horizon, multi product and multi period economic order quantity like seasonal items is considered where demand rate is deterministic and known but variable in each period. the order quantities of items come in batch sizes and the end of the period order quantity and, consequently, demand of customers are zero. in addition, storage space is constrained and the problem ...

new product development (npd) is one of the key factors for achieving competitive advantage and maintaining firm growth. therefore, given the importance of this type of projects, this paper is an endeavor to make these projects more successful by effectively managing their risks in the conceptual design phase of new product development. for this purpose, a multi-objective model, with three obje...

Title of dissertation: DETERMINING OPTIMAL RELIABILITY TARGETS THROUGH ANALYSIS OF PRODUCT VALIDATION COST AND FIELD WARRANTY DATA Andre V. Kleyner, Doctor of Philosophy, 2005 Dissertation directed by: Professor Peter Sandborn, Mechanical Engineering Department This work develops a new methodology to minimize the life cycle cost of a product using the decision variables controlled by a reliabil...

It is the cost estimator’s task to determine how the building design influences construction costs. Estimators must account for how and when features of building product models affect the project’s activities, resources, and resource productivity rates that form the basis of a cost estimate. Without explicitly representing estimators’ rationale for relating product and cost information in the c...

This paper provides a replacement policy for warranty products with different failure rate from the consumer’s viewpoint. Assume that the product is replaced once within a finite planning horizon, and the failure rate of the second product is lower than the failure rate of the first product. Within warranty period (WP), the failed product is corrected by minimal repair without any cost to the c...

promises shorter time-to-market and decreased life cycle cost. However, those benefits are not guaranteed under every situation and are affected by many factors, such as number of available employees, market demands, reuse rate, process maturity, and product line adoption and evolution approaches. Before initiating a software product line, an organization needs to evaluate available process opt...

Unit cost is undoubtedly the most critical factor for the competitiveness of a product. Therefore, evaluating the competitiveness of a product according to its unit cost is a reasonable idea. The current practice assesses the competitiveness at a number of check points in the product life cycle, and then averages the results. This approach is computationally simple but theoretically doubtful. T...