The efficient management of a distribution system requires coordination between transportation planning and inventory control. Small and frequent shipments can reduce inventory levels while maintaining high customer service levels, but they increase unit transportation costs due to inappropriate utilization of the vehicles and more handling costs. On the other hand shipment consolidation polici...

This paper extends current theory on the identification and estimation of vector time series models to nonstationary processes. It examines the structure of dynamic simultaneous equations systems or ARMAX processes that start from a given set of initial conditions and evolve over a given, possibly infinite, future time horizon. The analysis proceeds by deriving the echelon canonical form for su...

We consider the classic continuous-review N stage serial inventory system with a homogeneous Poisson demand arrival process at the most downstream stage (Stage 1). Any shipment to each stage, regardless of its size, incurs a positive fixed setup cost and takes a positive constant lead time. The optimal policy for this system under the long-run average cost criterion is unknown. Finding a good w...

This paper studies a periodic-review, serial inventory system in which echelon r nQ T policies are implemented. Under such a policy, each stage reviews its inventory in every T period and orders according to an echelon r nQ policy. Two types of fixed costs are considered: one is associated with each order batch Q, and the other is incurred for each inventory review. The objective is to find the...

We consider a two-echelon single commodity inventory system with one warehouse(supplier) at the higher echelon and one retailer at the lower echelon. The retailer stocks individual items of a commodity and satisfies unit demands which occur according to a Poisson process. The supplier stocks these items in packets and uses these packetsto: (i) satisfy the demands that occur for single packet an...

The article aimed of analyzing the effect perceived organizational support and justice on citizenship behavior through commitment as mediation or intervening. It studied at he Public Sector Institution in Jakarta. population this study were 642 employees Instansi X, consisting Civil Servants (PNS), TNI soldiers, members National Police, ranging from non-echelon to echelon I/equivalent levels. s...

(1) A system of linear equations can be stored using an augmented matrix. The part of the matrix that does not involve the constant terms is termed the coefficient matrix. (2) Variables correspond to columns and equations correspond to rows in the coefficient matrix. The augmented matrix has an extra column corresponding to the constant terms. (3) In the paradigm where the system of linear equa...

We study the structural instability mechanism and effect of a multi-echelon support in very-deep roadways. We conduct a scale model test for analysing the structural failure mechanism and the effect of multi-echelon support of roadways under high horizontal stress. Mechanical bearing structures are classified according to their secondary stress distribution and the strength degradation of the s...