Microorganisms are present on many surfaces in foodservice operations (3,7) but juice dispenser tips are among those showing the highest total microbial counts (3). Tips dispensing other beverages (e.g., acidic carbonated beverages such as cola) were less prone to contamination than were those dispensing fruit juices (11). Although high total microbial counts alone do not indicate a food safety...

In the developing world, having access to a toilet does not necessarily imply use: infrequent or non-use limits the desired health outcomes of improved sanitation. We examine the sanitation situation in a rural part of South Africa where recipients of novel, waterless “urine-diverting dry toilets” are not regularly using them. In order to determine if small, conditional cash transfers (CCT) cou...

Despite significant financial investment, the effective implementation and sustained use of water and sanitation (WATSAN) technologies remains a chimera, with one billion people using unimproved water facilities and two and a half billion not benefitting from adequate sanitation. The poor success rate of WATSAN interventions results from a predominance of supply-driven approaches which lack rec...

The availability of water in adequate quantity and quality is imperative for sustainable development. Worldwide, significant imbalance exists with regards to sustainable development particularly from a water and sanitation perspective. Water is a critical component of public health, and failure to supply safe water will place a heavy burden on the entire population. Although the 21 century has ...

India Facts and figures qEffects of Poor Sanitation Urban India and Rural India qCentral Policies on Sanitation Best Practice Models qOpen Defecation and Sanitation in School Maharashtra scenario qWater supply and access to water resources Initiatives by the Maharashtra Government qChallenges and loopholes Recommendations qAction Points Indian situation: India has a serious sanitation challenge...