Modern education is hard to imagine without the use of e-learning tools, but still the transition from traditional “paper-and-pencil” examining to electronic exams is to some extent cautious. Although course administration and exam evaluation are much easier with learning management systems, there are concerns among teaching staff, that electronic tests simplify examination process compared to ...

In this paper, we propose a learning rule based on a back-propagation (BP) algorithm that can be applied to a hardware-based deep neural network (HW-DNN) using electronic devices that exhibit discrete and limited conductance characteristics. This adaptive learning rule, which enables forward, backward propagation, as well as weight updates in hardware, is helpful during the implementation of po...