Policy Evaluation and Economic Policy Advice Arguably, one of the most important developments in the field of applied economics during the last decades has been the emergence of systematic policy evaluation, with its distinct focus on the establishment of causality. By contrast to the natural sciences, the objects of our scientific interest typically exert some influence on their treatment stat...

Eligibility traces have been shown to speed reinforcement learning, to make it more robust to hidden states, and to provide a link between Monte Carlo and temporal-difference methods. Here we generalize eligibility traces to off-policy learning, in which one learns about a policy different from the policy that generates the data. Off-policy methods can greatly multiply learning, as many policie...

the process of price setting in market for goods &services; along with the phenomenon of price ceiling in production factors market with distort the equilibrium & result in price gap in the economy, which in turn generates excess demand & necessitate the permanent sources of finance (subsidy) for its satisfaction, failing which may lead to budget deficit & embarrass the maintenance of policy ex...

Improved energy efficiency is a key factor in the shift towards sustainable systems and net zero emissions, both locally, regionally globally. The total potential industrial SMEs high, but despite this large for improved efficiency, full not realized due to several barriers implementation of measures. vary based on e.g., geographic location, company size, sector, etc., main are other priorities...

The electrification level of commercial vehicles in China has achieved remarkable development with the support fiscal and tax policies. In this paper, 15 major cities are selected as samples, combined effect national local policies is carefully assessed using DEA model. results show that: (1) comprehensive efficiency sample high, indicating that current policy portfolio great general. (2) Shenz...

Policy Evaluation and Economic Policy Advice Arguably, one of the most important developments in the field of applied economics during the last decades has been the emergence of systematic policy evaluation, with its distinct focus on the establishment of causality. By contrast to the natural sciences, the objects of our scientific interest typically exert some influence on their treatment stat...

Reinforcement learning based on direct search in policy space requires few assumptions about the environment. Hence it is applicable in certain situations where most traditional reinforcement learning algorithms based on dynamic programming are not, especially in partially observable, deterministic worlds. In realistic settings, however, reliable policy evaluations are complicated by numerous s...