Cells are complex machines capable of processing information by means of an entangled network of molecular interactions. A crucial component of these decision-making systems is the presence of memory and this is also a specially relevant target of engineered synthetic systems. A classic example of memory devices is a 1-bit memory element known as the flip-flop. Such system can be in principle d...

In order to study the basic physical phenomena underlying complex lipid transbilayer movement in biological membranes, we have measured the transmembrane diffusion of spin-labelled analogues of sphingolipids in phosphatidylcholine (PC) large unilamellar vesicles in the absence or presence of cholesterol, going from a fluid ( liquid disordered) l(d), phase to a more viscous, liquid ordered (l(o)...

QCA (Quantum Dot Cellular Automata) is an emerging and pioneer technology, which is a paradigm for computing with interacting quantum dots. Many eminent researchers have well thought of eloquent work in the existing areas of the sequential circuit. However, this paper proclaims three new approaches to design JK and T flip-flop. Since flip-flops and memory design are the crucial building blocks ...

We present a biologically-based mathematical model that accounts for several features of the human sleep/wake cycle. These features include the timing of sleep and wakefulness under normal and sleep-deprived conditions, ultradian rhythms, more frequent switching between sleep and wakefulness due to the loss of orexin and the circadian dependence of several sleep measures. The model demonstrates...

Regulatory actions of calmodulin on the contractile apparatus and cytoskeleton of smooth muscle and nonmuscle tissue are mediated by a number of specific calmodulin-binding proteins that bind to F-actin in a flip-flop manner--i.e., they bind to calmodulin or F-actin depending on the presence or absence, respectively, of Ca2+. A survey for such proteins in brain, adrenal gland, and pituitary gla...

Alamethicin is a hydrophobic antibiotic peptide 20 amino acids in length. It is predominantly helical and partitions into lipid bilayers mostly in transmembrane orientations. The rate of the peptide transverse diffusion (flip-flop) in palmitoyl-oleyl-phosphatidylcholine vesicles has been measured recently and the results suggest that it involves an energy barrier, presumably due to the free ene...

A Delay (D) flip-flop is an edge triggering device. A high speed, low power consumption, positive edge triggered conventional Delay (D) flip-flop can be designed for increasing the speed of counter in Phase locked loop, using 32nm CMOS technology. The conventional D flip-flop has higher operating frequencies but it features static power dissipation. The designed counter can be used in the divid...

In this paper, a low power single edge triggered D flip-flop is presented by using True Single Phase Clocked technique (TSPC). The proposed design overcomes the problem of race condition at the output caused by clock pulses. This technique uses single phase clock pulse and it has less number of transistors. All the circuits are designed and simulated using Cadence® Virtuoso® Design Environment ...

Intact platelets do not show procoagulant phospholipids on their exterior. These phospholipids are located at the inside leaf of the bilayer membrane. They become available by (a) disrupture of the platelets (mechanical, osmotical etc.), (b) by a mechanism specific for the platelets, that we call the membrane flip-flop. Membrane flip-flop translocates procoagulant phospholipids (mainly phosphat...

ABSTRACT: All-optical T (Toggle) flip-flop with preset (PR) and clear (CLR) are basic building modules for the development of ultra-high speed all optical binary counter. In this paper, a non-linear material based alloptical switching mechanism is utilized here to realize the all-optical T flip-flop with PR and CLR. A composite slab of linear medium (LM) and non-linear medium (NLM) is used to d...