Increasing interest is being shown in the use of microprocessor for protection, switching and data acquisition required in modern high voltage substations. One of the most difficult functions to fulfill is that of transmission line distance protection employing samples of the voltage and current waveform taken from high voltage transducer equipment at the usual relaying point. This paper examin...

In this paper, we present a factor 16 approximation algorithm for the following NP-hard distance fitting problem: given a finite set X and a distance d on X, find a Robinsonian distance dR on X minimizing the l∞-error ||d−dR||∞ = maxx,y∈X{|d(x, y)− dR(x, y)|}. A distance dR on a finite set X is Robinsonian if its matrix can be symmetrically permuted so that its elements do not decrease when mov...

In this paper, we present a factor 16 approximation algorithm for the following NP-hard distance fitting problem: given a finite set X and a distance d on X, find a Robinsonian distance dR on X minimizing the l∞-error ||d−dR||∞ = maxx,y∈X{|d(x, y)− dR(x, y)|}. A distance dR on a finite set X is Robinsonian if its matrix can be symmetrically permuted so that its elements do not decrease when mov...

PURPOSE This study examined the factors that can be associated with the appearance of the interproximal papilla. METHODS One hundred and forty-seven healthy interproximal papillae between the maxillary central incisors were examined. For each subject, a digital photograph and periapical radiograph of the interdental embrasure were taken using a 1-mm grid metal piece. The following parameters ...

This study examined the impact of substituting didactic instruction, face-to-face advisement, and conventional evaluation with distance-based delivery of content, electronic counseling, and online assessment. It analyzed the impact of distance learning demands on faculty teaching loads and computed the ideal class size for an online course. Specifically, this article sought answers to the follo...