The main challenges facing the environment of the Caspian Sea include the water level rise, environmental pollutions, the entrance of exotic species to the Caspian Sea, loss of the flora reservoirs and eutrophication. These challenges forced the coastal states to conclude the Framework Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea in 2003. The long duration of time t...

Abstract This is the latest in a series of annual surveys this Journal reviewing dispute settlement law sea, both under Part XV UN Convention on Law Sea and outside framework Convention. It covers developments during 2020. The most significant were awards by arbitral tribunals Enrica Lexie Coastal State Rights cases.

Attracting foreign investment is one of the most important policies of the Iranian government for improving economic conditions. Nevertheless, despite the government and the Ministry of Industry's emphasis as well as the efforts of Iranian companies to attract foreign partners, this is less common in Iranian home appliance industry, which indicates the risks for foreign investors. Accordingly, ...

Timely warnings and examples of industry interference in relation to tobacco, alcohol, food and breast milk substitutes are given in the editorial by Tangcharoensathien et al. Such interference is rife at national levels and also at the global level. In an era of ‘private public partnerships’ the alcohol and food industries have succeeded in insinuating themselves into the global health environ...

This paper continues an analysis, begun in the December 2004 issue, that employed panel data to estimate the effects of awareness and political partisanship on post-convention candidate evaluations. The derivation of a theoretical framework was discussed in Part 1 [1]. Empirical results using data from the US presidential election of 2000 are discussed in the present article. We find that parti...

Although the application of legal instruments to international health issues — relative to other areas of international concern — is still at a rudimentary stage of development, the transnational health impacts of globalization provide a rationale for the codification and implementation of global norms to deal with shared problems. The experience of promulgating international agreements in othe...