Semecarpus anacardium Linn. (Family: Anacardiaceae), commonly known 'Ballataka' or 'Bhilwa', is a plant well-known for its medicinal value in ayurvedic and siddha system of medicine, it is also used for non-medicinal purpose like marking of cloth, hair dye etc since ancient time. Phytochemical analyses of Semecarpus anacardium nut shows that, its nut contain a variety of biologically active com...

Temporary tattoos, especially those that contain black dyes, have become rampant among teenagers in recent years. Most of these tattoos, in addition to hair dyes include paraphenylenediamine (PPD). PPD is a well-known skin sensitizer, which causes allergic contact dermatitis. Allergic contact dermatitis skin lesions from PPD are mostly seen as erythema multiforme-like eruption, a bullous contac...

ABSTRACT: Colourants in cosmetics cover both, colouring agents and oxidative hair dyes. Risk assessment of these compounds is achieved following the Notes of Guidance of the former SCCP and includes data on physical and chemical properties as well as data on relevant toxicological endpoints which are performed mainly following OECD guidelines. In future, safety assessment of all cosmetic ingred...

Hair dye ingestion is a rare cause of toxicity in Pakistan. Hair dyes contain paraphenylene-diamine (PPD) and a host of other chemicals that can cause rhabdomyolysis, laryngeal edema, severe metabolic acidosis and acute renal failure. Clinical outcomes rely on early recognition, prompt referral, and aggressive supportive treatment. Timely intervention has been shown to improve the outcome. Ther...

Hair dyes have been evaluated as possibly being mutagenic and carcinogenic in animals. Studies of the association between human cancer risk and use of hair dyes have yielded inconsistent results. The authors evaluated the risk of lymphoid malignancies associated with personal use of hair dyes. The analysis included 2,302 incident cases of lymphoid neoplasms and 2,417 hospital- or population-bas...

739 P oison refers to any agent that can kill, injure or impair normal physiologic function in humans. 1 Use of poisons has been described since ancient times. Schools of toxicology have been described in venice and rome in as early as 17 th century. 2 Development of new principles of pharmacology (drug interactions) and pharmacogenomics have facilitated better understanding of medical toxicolo...

Azure dye-impregnated sheep's wool keratin (keratin azure) was incorporated in a high pH medium and overlaid on a keratin-free basal medium. The release and diffusion of the azure dye into the lower layer indicated production of keratinase. Fifty-eight fungal taxa, including 49 members of the Arthrodermataceae, Gymnoascaceae and Onygenaceae (Order Onygenales), were assessed for keratin degradat...

We describe a novel mechanism for vital fluorescent dye entry into sensory cells and neurons: permeation through ion channels. In addition to the slow conventional uptake of styryl dyes by endocytosis, small styryl dyes such as FM1-43 rapidly and specifically label hair cells in the inner ear by entering through open mechanotransduction channels. This labeling can be blocked by pharmacological ...

BACKGROUND Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) in hair dyes can cause systemic as well as cutaneous allergic reactions such as neutrophilic and eosinophilic dermatitis. The symptoms are often severe. The acute lesion is normally histologically indistinguishable from any eczematous reaction with marked spongiosis. OBSERVATIONS We report a case of allergic contact dermatitis caused by the use of hair dy...

Oral absorption is a key element for safety assessments of cosmetic ingredients, including hair dye molecules. Reliable in vitro methods are needed since the European Union has banned the use of animals for the testing of cosmetic ingredients. Caco-2 cells were used to measure the intestinal permeability characteristics (Papp) of 14 aromatic amine hair dye molecules with varying chemical struct...