The origin and rise of social inequalities that are a feature of the post-Neolithic society play a major role in the pattern of disease in prehistoric and contemporary populations. We use the concept of epidemiological transition to understand changing ecological relationships between humans, pathogens and other disease insults. With the Paleolithic period as a baseline, we begin with ecologica...

Muhammadiyah, as Indonesia’s largest Islamic reformist force, has survived for more than a century coping with political challenges. It is irresistible to further investigate its identity through the inquiry of historical consciousness. This paper examines formation, structure, and fate consciousness Muhammadiyah. Formation represents past, structure indicates present, denotes future. The findi...