Sampling of whitebait from the migrations in a series of West Coast and Southland rivers (Heaphy, Orowaiti, Buller, Hokitika, Wanganui, Okarito, Mataura) showed that whitebait of the giant kokopu migrate late in the spring, beginning to enter rivers during early November and continuing well through December. Amongst 70 whitebait samples containing nearly 9000 whitebait there were only 231 giant...

Biological uptake of dissolved silicate (DSi) and formation of biogenic silica (BSi) during diatom growth modifies the form of Si carried from the continents to the world ocean. Significant concentrations of BSi, averaging 28.0 pmol L-l, are found in all sizes of rivers. The global contribution of BSi carried by rivers was estimated as 1.05 ? 0.20 Tmol Si year’. Combined with the global mean ri...

Amazon, 21, 24, 378–379 overbank, crevasses processes, 25 physical and biogeochemical processes, 92 plume dispersals, 55 sediment accumulation rates, 91 subaqueous delta clinoform system, 91–96 tidal-regime changes, sediment dynamics model, 92–94 Arctic Ocean, riverine organic and inorganic carbon fluxes, processing, fate acids to aldehydes ratios, 534–535 aragonite undersaturation, 542–543 Arc...

We present a new method for the realistic real-time simulation of rivers. Our solution includes a 2D fluid solver that simulates the flow of a river’s surface, an efficient method for adaptively computing 3D flow information and an animated 3D procedural wave texture that is advected through the fluid via advection particles in order to mimic the highly detailed fluid surfaces that are characte...

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) makes hourly measurements of river discharge every day at thousands of stream-gauge stations across the United States. Regular patterns of diurnal variation have been observed in hundreds of these rivers, many of which are primary water sources for cities, industries, and agriculture. Diurnal cycles are evident in many river records (Figure 1, Merced R...

BACKGROUND Models of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) transmission have assumed a homogeneous landscape across which Euclidean distance is a suitable measure of the spatial dependency of transmission. This paper investigated features of the landscape and their impact on transmission during the period of predominantly local spread which followed the implementation of the national movement ban during...

The previous chapter discussed the emergence of concerns for diminishing flows in rivers during the 1950s in the USA and the consequential evolution of the concept of environmental flows. Parallel developments occurred worldwide in the understanding of river ecosystems (see chapter 2) and the impacts of flow regulation on ecosystem components other than fish (chapter 4). Accordingly, the method...

[1] Diurnal cycles of streamflow in snow-fed rivers can be used to infer the average time a water parcel spends in transit from the top of the snowpack to a stream gauge in the river channel. This travel time, which is measured as the difference between the hour of peak snowmelt in the afternoon and the hour of maximum discharge each day, ranges from a few hours to almost a full day later. Trav...

The chemical and microbiological properties of Lebanese perennial coastal rivers were studied during the dry season extending from July to September 2004. The results indicate significant levels of pollution in all eight rivers. Although many physical and chemical variables were within WHO guidelines for drinking water, coliform levels were unacceptably high indicating pollution from untreated ...