Traditionally clinicians have determined their patients' resuscitation status without consultation. This has been condemned as morally indefensible in cases where not for resuscitation (NFR) orders are based on quality of life considerations and when the patient's true wishes are not known. Such instances would encompass most resuscitation decisions in elderly patients. Having previously involv...

BACKGROUND Although adaptation and proper biological functioning require developmental programming, pollutant interference can cause developmental toxicity or DT. OBJECTIVES This commentary assesses whether it is ethical for citizens/physicians/scientists to allow avoidable DT. METHODS Using conceptual, economic, ethical, and logical analysis, the commentary assesses what major ethical theo...

Eightly five malpractice claims against gastroenterologists have been analysed. Thirty seven (44%) arose from adverse events as a result of endoscopy and 48 (56%) from clinical practice. In 31 (84%) of the endoscopy cases (including all 13 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographies) there seemed to be significant fault. In nine cases the procedure was not clearly indicated and in 10 recog...

Organ procurement from executed prisoners in China is internationally condemned, yet this practice continues unabated in 2014. This is despite repeated announcements from Chinese authorities that constructive measures have been undertaken to conform to accepted ethical standards. While there is unanimous agreement on the unethical nature of using organs from executed prisoners, due to its limit...

in this paper, we propose space-time block codes based on constituent intersectant orthogonal designs. after channel model is formulated, we studied the space-time block codes from constituent intersectant orthogonal designs. at last we made simulations for the space-time block codes from complex orthogonal design and the space-time block codes from constituent intersectant orthogonal design to...

When foraging in a social group, individuals are faced with the choice of sampling their environment directly or exploiting the discoveries of others. The evolutionary dynamics of this trade-off have been explored mathematically through the producer-scrounger game, which has highlighted socially exploitative behaviours as a major potential cost of group living. However, our understanding of the...

An interdisciplinary approach is necessary for the sustainable management and governance of renewable natural resources, in which “Local Ecological Knowledge” (LEK), a quintessentially interdisciplinary field, is regarded as an essential source of information. But the effective use of LEK for this purpose would first demand the recognition and correction of the serious limitations of LEK social...

Although the 2010 Draft of fib Model Code is overall an excellent document, it has some weaknesses which could, and should, be corrected. One is the material model for creep and shrinkage prediction, which not only is theoretically obsolete but also is indefensible in view of the wake-up call provided by recently collected long-term deflections of 56 bridges. The second is a size effect formula...

In the dominant model, monozygotic (MZ) twinning is universally accepted as a post-fertilization event resulting from splitting of the embryo along its first 2 weeks of development. The stage at which splitting occurs determines chorionicity and amnionicity. A short history on how the model was built is presented, stressing the role played by some embryologists, in particular George Corner, in ...

Although the 2010 Draft of fib Model Code is overall an excellent document, it has some weaknesses which could, and should, be corrected. One is the material model for creep and shrinkage prediction, which not only is theoretically obsolete but also is indefensible in view of the wake-up call provided by recently collected long-term deflections of 56 bridges. The second is a size effect formula...