Human birth weight is subject to stabilizing selection; babies born too small or too large are less likely to survive. Particular combinations of maternal/fetal immune system genes are associated with pregnancies where the babies are ≤ 5th birth weight centile, specifically an inhibitory maternal KIR AA genotype with a paternally derived fetal HLA-C2 ligand. We have now analyzed maternal KIR an...

The chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are recognized as important causes of gastrointestinal disease in children and adults. Insight into IBD is advancing rapidly owing to a plethora of investigations into intestinal inflammation in animal models, advances in the interrogation of diseases inherited as complex genetic traits, and the development o...

The rapid advances associated with the Human Genome Project combined with the development of proteomics technology set the bases to face the challenge of human gene therapy. Different strategies must be evaluated based on the genetic defect to be corrected. Therefore, the re-expression of the normal counterpart should be sufficient to reverse phenotype in single-gene inherited disorders. A grow...

one of the important reasons for death among the worldwide’s population is trauma which is injury or damage to a biological organism caused by physical harm from an external source. after trauma, the immune system and the early inflammatory immune response activation lead to massive injury. trauma causes activation of nearly all components of the immune system; it also activates the neuroendocr...

Exposure to non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMA) has life-long immunological consequences that may result in tolerance or immunity to these antigens. Gaining understanding of the mechanisms behind these NIMA effects will impact many areas of immunology. This review summarizes new discoveries relevant to autoimmunity and organ transplantation regarding exposure to maternal antigens. In light o...

Gaucher, the most prevalent lysosomal disorder, is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder due to a deficiency of glucocerebrosidase. Glucocerebrosidase deficiency leads to the accumulation of glucosylceramide primarily in cells of mononuclear-macrophage lineage. Clinical alterations are visceral, hematological, and skeletal. Bone disorder in Gaucher disease produces defects on bone metabolis...

abstract objective the last two decades have seen major advancements in our understanding of some of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in the field of child neurology. however, in the majority of individual patients, it is still not possible to arrive at a molecular diagnosis, due in part to lack of knowledge of molecular causes of these tremendously complex conditions. common geneti...

By Using the modeling of the mesenchymal (bone marrow) stem cell nanoparticles, the reinstatement of the immune system leads to the treatment of MS, result in the formation of a new immune system for the body by stem cell. The presence of stem cells promotes and strengthens myelination, and that, using simulation and 3D modeling, stem cells can be transmitted correctly to the target and place o...

mannan-binding lectin (mbl) is a vital protein of innate immune system and has two critical functions: complement activation through the lectin pathway and opsonization. mbl deficiency has been classified as the most common inherited immunodeficiency known in humans (about 30% of the population), and is associated with predisposition to infections and high risk of some autoimmune diseases. the ...