although gardner and his associates’ work was most influential in the field of l2 motivation, from the early 1990s onwards, their work has been criticized for several reasons. some researchers claimed that integrative and instrumental orientations were no longer able to convey the complexity of the l2 motivation construct. to examine this complexity, the present study attempted to investigate t...

Pavlovian learning tasks have been widely used as tools to understand basic cognitive and emotional processes in humans. The present studies investigated one particular task, Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT), with human participants in an effort to examine potential cognitive and emotional effects of Pavlovian cues upon instrumentally trained performance. In two experiments, subjects fi...

Two studies test the hypothesis that imitative fidelity is influenced by cues to interpret behavior as instrumental versus conventional. Study 1 (N=57, 4-5-yr-olds) manipulated non-verbal cues (start- and end-states of action sequences) and Study 2 (N=211, 4-6-yr-olds) manipulated verbal cues to examine the effects of information about instrumental versus conventional goals on imitative fidelit...

The Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm probes the influence of Pavlovian cues over instrumentally learned behavior. The paradigm has been used extensively to probe basic cognitive and motivational processes in studies of animal learning. More recently, PIT and its underlying neural basis have been extended to investigations in humans. These initial neuroimaging studies of PIT hav...

the importance of iranian ancient as architectural heritage have to competent international prestige a nd respect due this is important with regard to proper conservation met hods based on non-destructive evaluation methods and non-contact testing providing enough accuracy and speed to bri ng performance to stabilize while correct location and age value of valuable architectural aspect of quant...

the inherent dignity is a divine bounty from god to man and since it is inherent and intrinsic in human nature, its dispossession is not possible. according to some of the noble verses of the qur’ān, human dignity can be proved as a type of honor that denotes enjoyment of the bounty of reasoning, free will, divine breath, power of choice, etc. and all human beings equally enjoy it and a princip...

The principles of time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) are described with a view to understanding the strengths and weaknesses of this method of mass analysis in the context of current applications of mass spectrometry and the more familiar scanning instruments. Fundamental and instrumental factors affecting resolving power, sensitivity and speed are examined. Methods of gating ion populati...