• This paper investigates the comparative impact of trade and financial openness on Islamic conventional banks. Trade have a positive bank profitability. The marginal effect profitability decreases as level increases. decrease loan volume banks only but increase their stability. recent wave liberalization in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries has opened up debate role finance development ...

Abstract. Openness to international trade and adopting stringent antitrust laws are both ways that countries can curb anticompetitive behavior. But scholars have long debated the relationship between these two tools. Some have argued that greater trade openness makes antitrust unnecessary, while others have argued that antitrust laws are still needed to realize the benefits of trade liberalizat...

Does international financial integration boost economic growth? The empirical literature has not yet established a robust link between openness to the international capital market and economic growth. In this paper we turn to the economic history of the first era of financial globalization (1880-1914) for new insights. Using identical empirical models and techniques as contemporary studies, we ...