Background Human cancer cells may suppress the adaptive immune response by expressing PD-L1 and down-regulating T cell activity through PD-L1/PD-1 and PD-L1/B7.1 interactions. Disruption of PD-L1 signaling restores antitumor immunity, resulting in durable responses across multiple human tumor types. Here we describe the clinical activity and development of predictive biomarkers for MPDL3280A, a...

Background: L1 retrotransposons are the most active mobile DNA elements in human genome. Unregulated L1 retrotransposition may have deleterious effect by disrupting vital genes and inducing genomic instabilities. Therefore, human cells control L1 elements by silencing their activities through epigenetic mechanisms. It has been shown that cell division and heavy metals stimulate the frequency of...

background: l1 retrotransposons are the most active mobile dna elements in human genome. unregulated l1 retrotransposition may have deleterious effect by disrupting vital genes and inducing genomic instabilities. therefore, human cells control l1 elements by silencing their activities through epigenetic mechanisms. it has been shown that cell division and heavy metals stimulate the frequency of...

Although mature dendritic cells (DCs) are potent initiators of adaptive immune response, immature steady-state DCs contribute to immune tolerance. In this study, we show that ex vivo splenic DCs are capable of inducing conversion of naïve CD4(+) T cells to adaptive Foxp3(+)CD4(+) regulatory T cells (aTreg) in the presence of TGF-beta. In particular, when compared with splenic CD8alpha(-) DCs, t...

Biomass steam pretreatment is a key process in converting agricultural wastes to bioethanol. The pretreatment occurs in a large pressurized tank called a thermal reactor. Two key parameters influence the successfulness of the process: the reactor temperature, and the retention time. A particle pump pressurizes untreated biomass from atmospheric to reactor pressure with recycled steam from the r...

accurate and correct performance of controller in cruise control systems is important. hence, in such systems, controller should optimize itself against noise and probable changes in system dynamic. as a matter of fact, in this article three approaches have been conducted to-ward this purpose: mit, direct estimation and indirect estimation. these approaches are used as controllers to track refe...

in this paper, the enhancement of vehicle stability and handling is investigated by control of the active geometry suspension system (ags). this system could be changed through control of suspension mounting point’s position in the perpendicular direction to wishbone therefore the dynamic is alternative and characteristics need to change. for this purpose, suitable controller needs to change mo...

this paper presents a stable new algorithm for force/position control in robot manipulators. in this algorithm, position vectors are measured by sensors and then used in the control law. since using force sensor has some issues such as high costs and technical problems, an approach is presented to overcome these issues. in this respect, force sensor is replaced by an adaptive fuzzy estimator to...

this paper deals with leader-following and leaderless consensus problems of high-order multi-input/multi-output (mimo) multi-agent systems with unknown nonlinear dynamics in the presence of uncertain external disturbances. the agents may have different dynamics and communicate together under a directed graph. a distributed adaptive method is designed for both cases. the structures of the contro...