It is well-known that an adjective is not a universal part of speech. As pointed out in the previous researches, many oceanic languages do not have a morphologically distinguished adjective class. The only criteria which distinguish adjectives from verbs and nouns could be whether they appear in comparative construction or not. However, even comparative construction is not universal. Whereas mo...

Bujumbura city has diversified but unevenly distributed green spaces. The typology and anthropogenic disturbances of these spaces are still unknown. This study presents a along the urban–rural gradient through literature review. It assesses presence inventories in 100 m × grids. Data reveal that Bujumbura’s made up squares concentrated exclusively urban areas, cemeteries present peri-urban area...

Analysis of typological features has received much attention in recent years. Despite claims that such analysis replicates the families and subgroups of families that are the product of work using the comparative method, there is strong evidence that the geographic distribution of typological features reflects socio-geographically relevant areas, rather than historically related subgroups. Furt...

Virtual communities are complex systems interweaving technical and human aspects. We propose here to identify usual functions provided by virtual communities and define a typology based on the common objects or goals shared by their users. The papers included in this special issue show some examples of research works lead in some of these categories of communities.

Several recent studies have suggested that there are two different ways in which a person can proceed when assessing the persuasiveness of a mathematical argument: by evaluating whether it is personally convincing, or by evaluating whether or not it is publicly acceptable. In this paper, using Toulmin’s (1958) argumentation scheme, we produce a more detailed theoretical classification of the wa...

Fusarium lateritium is a globally distributed plant pathogen. It was recently reported as the causal agent of nut gray necrosis (NGN) on hazelnut. Isolate characterization within F. lateritium was undertaken to investigate how morphological and molecular diversity was associated with host and geographic origin. Morphological studies combined with inter-simple-sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis, an...

Abstract Rural and urban communities merge. Sedati’s districts are vulnerable due to a lack of infrastructure, dispersed populations, disaster management capacities, subsistence. A city is resilient if its citizens can survive recover from disaster. These relationships allow for implementing programs that promote rural resilience. How do spatial patterns affect resilience determinants? This res...

Abstract A Circular Economy (CE) oriented design methodology for pedestrian and cycling bridges that takes the 4Rs of CE -Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover- as basis needs to be developed. The first R, Reduce, is mostly neglected, even though it most important R in CE. Nevertheless, a also consider formalise Reduce. It proposed do this by measuring material efficiency structure. Therefore, refere...