Consumption of fuel oil is increasing, but it is not accompanied by supply. Transportation sector is spent the most existing fuel. Therefore, it is crucial to look for alternative type of fuel such as biodiesel to overcome the fuel shortage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the feasibility on how the investment of waste cooking oil as the biodiesel material production. This study con...

Public sector reforms aimed at making the public sector efficient in provision of goods and services has been around since the world financial crises of the 1980s that resulted from the unprecedented surge in oil prices and the collapse of centrally planned economic systems of the eastern bloc. These reforms have been characterized by adoption of prudent management of resources through introduc...

This was supposed to be a year of transition for South Sudan’s health system. After last July’s independence, the country—shored up by international donors—was set to move away from emergency response and toward post-confl ict health system development. But the government’s decision to turn off the country’s oil production—and with it 98% of the national revenue—over a pricing feud with Sudan, ...

Shale oil/gas is one of the most rapidly growing types of unconventional fossil fuel development and the abundance of this resource has postponed peak oil and gas. Physical scarcity of hydrocarbons is now less likely to occur in the near future; however, the likelihood of social scarcity is increasing. Despite the clear economic benefits of production in terms of jobs, tax revenue, and the prov...

Working papers of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland are preliminary materials circulated to stimulate discussion and critical comment on research in progress. They may not have been subject to the formal editorial review accorded offi cial Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland publications. The views stated herein are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve Ban...

Japan’s oilseed sector is divided into two main components: 1) a large oilseed-crushing industry that produces vegetable oil and oilseed meal, and 2) industries using oilseeds for food, without crushing them for oil. In general, the oilseed-crushing industry is protected by tariffs on vegetable oil at the border, but receives no domestic subsidies. Oilseed production for food, in contrast, gene...