Pipelines are regarded as the lifelines of national economy most oil producing countries. This is because these pipelines which cover thousands kilometers used to transport large volumes refined and unrefined petroleum products, crude natural gas. These often come under terrorist attacks vandalism can lead pollution problems, theft contents pipeline huge economic loss. In view this, it very nec...

Currently, petroleum hydrocarbons are the most abundantly used chemicals in the world. Manufactured from crude oil, petroleum hydrocarbons are found in gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, asphalt, and even some chemicals used in home or at work. Almost every person on this planet has once or more used a petroleum product or byproduct. Due to their wide de mand, they are transported all over the world...

List of Abbreviations CIIAPTER ONE General Introduction Pollution of Saudi Arabian soil with crude oil Chemistry and biodegradability of petroleum hydrocarbon Environmental fate of petroleum Factors influencing petroleum hydrocarbon biodegradation Distribution of petroleum-utilizing microorganisms in the environment Biological degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon Bacterial degradation of oil Fu...

Transmission and distribution pipelines have a significant role in the oil and gas industries. Pipelines are facing different threat like corrosion, improper design and incorrect operation. Gas vapor released from a pipeline (owned by NIOC) failure spread out and reached to ignition source. Due to gas outdoor spreading, “flash fire” occurred and flame return caused “vapor cloud explosion” of ga...

Study of a mature petroleum play in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) indicates that the spatial distribution of petroleum accumulations exhibits a self-affinity characteristic. This characteristic motivated the examination of a fractal model for a quantitative description of petroleum resource spatial distribution. The proposed approach transforms the spatial information with respect...

There are numerous risks associated with mining and owning cryptocurrencies, exploring producing oil natural gas highly risky, costly, controversial. A marriage of digital has reduced the major costs for both crypto miner petroleum industry. On one hand, requires an enormous amount electricity, which is not environmentally friendly. other when drilling resources, often discovered, but due to a ...

The health risk resulting from benzene exposure in petroleum refineries was calculated using data from the scientific literature from various countries throughout the world. The exposure data was collated into four scenarios from petroleum refinery environments and plotted as cumulative probability distributions (CPD) plots. Health risk was evaluated for each scenario using the Hazard Quotient ...