Chlorpromazine and several other related phenothiazines are known to cause both phototoxic and photoallergic reactions in the skin and eyes of patients receiving these drugs. While the detailed mechanisms of photosensitization are not known, it is obvious that the first step must be the absorption of light by the drug, its metabolites, or photoproducts, or possibly an induced endogenous chemica...

3,7-Diaminophenothiazine derivatives are readily synthesized via two-fold Buchwald-Hartwig coupling of 10-hexyl 3,7-dibromo-10H-phenothiazine with a series of primary and secondary anilines and amines. All derivatives possess two reversible oxidations at low potentials with remarkable semiquinone formation constants. The electronic structure of this novel class of phenothiazinyl-oligoanilines i...

Hexahydro-1H-phenothiazine moieties can be synthesized by domino aziridine ring opening with o-halothiophenols followed by copper-catalyzed Goldberg coupling-cyclization with good to excellent yields. Less reactive o-chlorothiophenols are also successfully utilized for the domino reaction to synthesize phenothiazine derivatives. This methodology is successfully applied in the synthesis of pheno...

A Primer ofBehavioral Pharmacology addresses many of the conceptual and experimental issues that are found in this rapidly growing area. The book is divided into seven sections with the last four focusing on classification of drugs, models of drug response, and analysis of models. The beginning chapters cover basic pharmacological procedures and the ways in which the effects of behavioral drugs...

The eye may manifest side-effects from a wide variety of drugs used in the treatment of diseases of all systems of the body. Some of these side-effects, though undesirable, have to be accepted as unavoidable. The discovery of serious ocular defects arising in association with the long-term use in high dosage of such drugs as the antimalarials, the phenothiazines, and the steroid hormones has in...

An efficient self-supported Cu(II)Bi(III) bimetallic catalyst with a layered structure was designed and developed. By careful characterization of the as-prepared material, host identified to exhibit Sillen-type bismutite framework, copper(II) ions being loaded as guests. The heterogeneous enabled C–N C–S arylations under mild reaction conditions high chemoselectivities, thus furnishing valuable...

Introduction Although here is some agreement that in anorexia nervosa there is a major disturbance of function at the hypothalamic level, its precise nature remains obscure. Evidence that hypothalamic control of prolactin and gonadotrophic hormones is mediated through relatively discrete mechanisms (McNeilly, 1974) suggested that a study of these hormones during treatment of anorexia nervosa mi...

Phenothiazines and butyrophenones are known to alter dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) metabolism in the brain in a fashion suggesting that they may block dopamine receptors. We observed, using Dreiding molecular models, that dopamine in its solid-state conformation is superimposable upon a portion of the known x-ray structure of chlorpromazine [2-chloro-10-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-phenothi...

The effect of pretreatment by phenothiazines--Chlorpromazine (CPR) /Spofa/ and Trifluoperazine (TFP) /Smith Kline and French/ on reperfusion injury of ischemic myocardium were studied. Reperfusion of ischemic myocardium following an ischemic period exceeding 40 min resulted in morphological, physiological and biochemical changes identical with those induced by enhanced cytosolic Ca2+ concentrat...

A variety of compounds which are involved in the management of diseases of non-infectious aetiology have shown some antimicrobial activity in vitro, against bacteria and other microorganisms (13). Such compounds are called ìnon-antibioticsî. By the end of the nineteenth century the dyes were known to possess antimicrobial activity. Paul Ehrlich used methylene blue ñ one of phenothiazines compou...