Modern Aerospace systems are cyber-physical, comprised of physical components but commanded and controlled by “cyber” (computing and communication) elements. It is widely acknowledged that codesign across cyber and physical elements will provide a better-performing holistic system, but few of today’s engineers have adequate preparation to model, optimize, and simulate both. Even working in team...

In this paper I would like to talk about how 21 century education researchers could, and most likely, should approach the scientific description of the various entities that they might encounter. The word “entities” in pedagogical context refers to phenomena and structures such as “an education system”, “education”, “curriculum” or “motivation”. Let us take the entity or phenomenon that we all ...