dieback of trees is a serious problem in many different regions of the world and city authorities are concern about conserving and maintaining the green spaces in the big cites. this study was conducted to evaluate the early dieback and yellowing of sycamore trees (platanus sp.) by using a completely randomized block design (split split plot) in 15 replications (sites) in 2009. the main plot wa...

This research conducted to evaluate spatial pattern of some biological variables (mean diameter, density, richness index and biodiversity index) of forest by linear regression models using terrain analysis in the Kheiroud-Kenar forest located at the Nowshahr, north of Iran. To obtain these parameters, sampling was performed on a systematic grid (250× 400 m) in 193 plots with one ha area. Densit...

Characteristics of a population are often unknown. To estimate such characteristics, random sampling must be used. Sampling is the process by which a subgroup of a population is examined in order to infer the values of the population's true characteristics. Estimates based on samples are approximations of the population's true value; therefore, it is often useful to know the reliability of such...

Before-after-control-impact (BACI) designs are an effective method to evaluate natural and human-induced perturbations on ecological variables when treatment sites cannot be randomly chosen. While effect sizes of interest can be tested with frequentist methods, using Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling methods, probabilities of effect sizes, such as a ≥20 % increase in density aft...

The limited resource model states that self-control is governed by a relatively finite set of inner resources on which people draw when exerting willpower. Once self-control resources have been used up or depleted, they are less available for other self-control tasks, leading to a decrement in subsequent self-control success. The depletion effect has been studied for over 20 years, tested or ex...

BACKGROUND Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data may be a valuable component of a LIDAR-based carbon monitoring system, but integration of the two observation systems is not without challenges. To explore integration methods, two wall-to-wall LIDAR-derived biomass maps were compared to FIA data at both the plot and county levels in Anne Arundel and Howard Counties in Maryland. Allometric mod...

We evaluated the visual obstruction method as a non-destructive means of estimating herbage standing crop in tallgrass prairie. Prediction models were developed for both plot-level and pasture-level estimates by regressing standing crop from clipped plots on visual obstruction measurements (VOM) from 48, 20sample trials. Trials were conducted year-round on burned and non-burned sites in differe...

In this paper, a theory on the determination of the diffusion coefficient of the excess minority carriers of a silicon solar cell is presented. The expression of the diffusion coefficient, related to the modulation frequency, the irradiation energy and the damage coefficient is studied and then performed by using the impedance spectroscopy method and Bode and Nyquist diagrams. Based on the diff...

A new method for PID controller tuning based on Bode’s integrals is proposed. It is shown that the derivatives of amplitude and phase of a plant model with respect to frequency can be approximated by Bode’s integrals without any model of the plant. This information can be used to design a PID controller for slope adjustment of the Nyquist diagram and improve the closed-loop performance. Besides...

BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is one of the prominent causes of stroke, and its risk increases with age. We need to detect AFib correctly as early as possible to avoid medical disaster because it is likely to proceed into a more serious form in short time. If we can make a portable AFib monitoring system, it will be helpful to many old people because we cannot predict when a patient wil...