This research was conducted in the west forest of Guilan, northern Iran. Data from various harvesting methods for 20 years were collected. Results showed that, productivity rate of round wood, pulp wood and fuel wood has had an upward trend, while rate of traditional products (lumber, sawn wood, charcoal, etc.) has had a downward trend. Production cost has been investigated in this research. Th...

Increase in the exchange rate may not always promote export of non-oil production and exports of various goods; rather they might have different reactions to the exchange rate. Hence, in this study we tried to examine the effect of real effective exchange rate on Iranian pistachio export. The required data were collected from statistical yearbook of Iran's foreign trade, statistical yearbook of...

BACKGROUND Several countries are considering a minimum price policy for alcohol, but concerns exist about the potential effects on drinkers with low incomes. We aimed to assess the effect of a £0·45 minimum unit price (1 unit is 8 g/10 mL ethanol) in England across the income and socioeconomic distributions. METHODS We used the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model (SAPM) version 2.6, a causal, dete...

as the world trade is growing, exchange rate acts as a bridge between different economies and its volatility can affect price level, output, exports and imports. the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of real exchange rate volatility on the export demand for the two products of apple and potato in the nine developing counteries of producing and exporting the two products during...

The problem of environmental degradation is becoming very real in Nigeria. It is also becoming a major source of insecurity locally. In recent times, flooding which affects most parts of the country has resulted in displacement of communities in most states of the federation. While flooding is largely a natural phenomenon, the upgrading of environmental infrastructure should be complemented wit...

We analyze the stock market by modeling it as a timing game among arbitrageurs for beating the gun. We assume that (1) arbitrageurs are behavioral with a small probability, (2) the bubble soft-lands, and (3) the postcrash price increases as the X-day is postponed. Due to these assumptions, the effect of reputation assumes importance because any rational arbitrageur is willing to build a reputat...