the occurrence and fate of trace-level contamination of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment has been recognized as one of the emerging issues in environmental chemistry. the effluents of wastewater treatment plants, usually directly emitted to the environment, often contain the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac. diclofenac was chosen because it is of high consumption; by background liter...

For more information on any Earthscan title visit www.earthscan.co.uk • To get your discount please use order form overleaf In most developing countries wastewater treatment systems are hardly functioning or have a very low coverage, resulting in large scale water pollution and the use of very poor quality water for crop irrigation especially in the vicinity of urban centres. This can create si...

A high flocculation performance composite flocculant was prepared with sodium alginate, polyaluminium ferric chloride and cationic polyacrylamide. And the composite flocculant was used in papermaking wastewater treatment. Results indicated that it achieve the best flocculation performance when the raw material mass ratio was 2:1:1, the dosage of the composite flocculant was 20 mg/L, and the rem...

Giardia cysts in 131 raw wastewater samples from Milwaukee, Wis., were genotyped by sequence analysis of the triosephosphate isomerase gene which showed the presence of two distinct genotypes (assemblages A and B) of Giardia duodenalis. Of the 131 samples, 111 belonged to assemblage A, and the remaining samples belonged to assemblage B. A high degree of genetic polymorphism was evident within t...

Presented in this paper is a graphical technique for freshwater and wastewater minimisation in completely batch operations. Water minimisation is achieved through the exploitation of inter- and intra-process water reuse and recycle opportunities. In the context of this paper, a completely batch operation is one in which water reuse or recycle can only be effected either at the start or the end ...

Chemical coagulation is commonly used in raw water and wastewater treatment plants for the destabilisation of pollutants so that they can be removed in the subsequent separation processes. The most commonly used coagulation chemicals are aluminium and iron metal salts. Electrocoagulation technology has also been proposed for the treatment of raw waters and wastewaters. With this technology, met...

introduction: the present study aimed to investigate the microbial quality of the produced vermicomposts and compare them with the existing standards. methods: this experimental study was conducted as a pilot-scale one, in the laboratory school. some perishable domestic waste were mixed in a reactor, including food waste, vegetables and fruits, cow manure and sludge of wastewater treatment plan...

background: enterococci are members of the normal gut flora and released into the environment via sewage outlets, where they can survive for long times. infections with high-level gentamicin resistant (hlgr) enterococci are emerg­ing worldwide. hlgr enterococci have developed a resistance to most antibiotics commonly used for enterococcal in­fec­tions therefore; treatment of infections caused b...

The element phosphorus (P) is essential to all life (e.g. plants, animals and bacteria) and is a key ingredient in fertilizers to sustain high crop yields. However, the lifetime of exploitable reserves of natural ore deposits containing P is estimated to range from the next few decades to several hundreds of years, since P is intensively used in agriculture and other industries. The use of P yi...