In the 12th Five-Year Plan of China proposed in 2011, China carried out the target to reduce its economy’s carbon intensity by 17 percent by 2015 compared to 2010 levels. To achieve this goal, seven carbon emissions trading pilots have been established to find a way for the unified national carbon trading market. In China, regional differences and interregional economic linkages have played key...

Regional genetic differentiation within species is often addressed in evolutionary ecology and conservation biology. Here, we address regional differentiation in two closely related hybridizing taxa, the perennial sedges Carex flava and C. viridula and their hybrid C. × subviridula in 37 populations in the north and centre of their distribution range in Europe (Estonia, Lowland (<1000 m a.s.l.)...

This paper uses a multi-level dynamic factor model suggested by Bai and Wang (2012) to identify the spatio-temporal dynamics of regional business cycles, focusing on six Great Lakes states, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and Wisconsin. The identification scheme suggested by Bai and Wang (2012) enables separate identification of the shock common to the Great Lakes region and the in...

Disentangling evolutionary forces that may interact to determine the patterns of genetic differentiation within and among wild populations is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic structure and the potential influence of several ecological variables on the extent of genetic differentiation at multiple spatial scales in a widely distribu...

The aim of this paper is to study regional gradient observability for a diffusion system and the reconstruction of the state gradient without the knowledge of the state. First, we give definitions and characterizations of these new concepts and establish necessary conditions for the sensor structure in order to obtain regional gradient observability. We also explore an approach which allows for...

Despite widespread acknowledgement that local ecological communities are profoundly shaped by regional-scale influences, including evolutionary and biogeographic processes, this perspective has yet to be widely incorporated into ecological research. Drawing on recent research, we propose four steps towards making regional influences a stronger part of research on the richness of local communiti...

This special issue on \Regional weather models" complements the Oc-tober 1995 special issue on \Climate and weather modeling", which fo-cused on global models. In this introduction we review the similarities and diierences between regional and global atmospheric models. Next, the structure of regional models is described and we consider how the basic algorithms applied in these models innuence ...