OBJECTIVE To evaluate the reliability of risk of bias assessments based on published trial reports, for determining trial inclusion in meta-analyses. DESIGN Reliability evaluation of risk of bias assessments. DATA SOURCES 13 published individual participant data (IPD) meta-analyses in cancer were used to source 95 randomised controlled trials. REVIEW METHODS Risk of bias was assessed usin...

OBJECTIVE We examined how assessments of risk of bias of primary studies are carried out and incorporated into the statistical analysis and overall findings of a systematic review. DESIGN A cross-sectional review. SAMPLE We assessed 200 systematic reviews of randomised trials published between January and March 2012; Cochrane (n=100), non-Cochrane (Database of Reviews of Effects) (n=100). ...

BACKGROUND The Cochrane risk of bias (RoB) tool has been widely embraced by the systematic review community, but several studies have reported that its reliability is low. We aim to investigate whether training of raters, including objective and standardized instructions on how to assess risk of bias, can improve the reliability of this tool. We describe the methods that will be used in this in...

This paper was aimed to investigate the mixed empirical results on the effect of health insurance in reducing the risk of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE). We investigated a wide range of factors affecting the risk of CHE among patients admitted to hospitals in Tehran. We categorized hospitals into five groups from private hospitals to charity ones. The data used herein was extracted from ...

In this paper, we distinguish between different sorts of assessments algorithmic systems, describe our process assessing such systems for ethical risk, and share some key challenges lessons future algorithm audits. Given the distinctive nature function a third-party audit, uncertain shifting regulatory landscape, suggest that second-party are currently primary mechanisms analyzing social impact...

objective(s): diagnostic nuclear medicine is being increasingly employed in clinical practice with the advent of new technologies and radiopharmaceuticals. the report of the prevalence of a certain disease is important for assessing the quality of that article. therefore, this study was performed to evaluate the quality of published nuclear medicine articles and determine the frequency of repor...