This paper proposes a mathematical definition of an aircraft-separation criterion for kinematic-based horizontal maneuvers. It has been formally proved that kinematic maneuvers that satisfy the new criterion are independent and coordinated for repulsiveness, i.e., the distance at closest point of approach increases whether one or both aircraft maneuver according to the criterion. The proposed c...

We explored the effects of changing the separation distance on the charge transfer interactions between luminescent QD and proximal dopamine (in QD-dopamine assemblies), and the ensuing photoluminescence (PL) quenching. The separation distance was controlled using a tunable size bridge between the QD and dopamine via a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chain where the average number of monomers was d...

The study is aimed at quantifying the relative contribution of key heat transfer modes in lyophilization. Measurements of vial heat transfer rates in a laboratory-scale freeze-dryer were performed using pure water, which was partially sublimed under various conditions. The separation distance between the shelf and the vial was systematically varied, and sublimation rates were determined gravime...

The cell-to-substrate contacts of the adhesion-defective mutant, AD6, have been examined by interference reflexion microscopy and compared with those of the wild-type Balb/c3T3 cell. The 2 cell-types differed in their ability to produce focal contacts with the substrate (10-15 nm separation distance). Only 10% of AD6 versus 92% of Balb/c3T3 cells formed these contacts. When present in AD6 the f...

Implantable biosensors were developed for real-time monitoring of pressure and strain in the human body. The sensor, which was wireless and passive, consisted of a soft magnetic material and a permanent magnet. When exposed to a low frequency AC magnetic field, the soft magnetic material generated secondary magnetic fields that also included the higher-order harmonic modes. Parameters of intere...

This paper describes a simple and efficient approach to reduce the background level of confocal laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection for round capillaries by laterally shifting the laser focus point. A phenomenon of spontaneous separation of the fluorescence and reflected laser beams at the pinhole of a confocal LIF system when the laser focus point deviates from the center of a capillary...

We have simulated sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant/waterþ bilayer graphene mixture system to investigate two mechanisms of graphene exfoliation: changing the interlayer distance and sliding away the relative distance. By calculating the total energy as a function of the interlayer (sliding-away) distance at different surface-coverage concentrations of SDS surfactant (SDS concentrations),...

The information about the distance of separation between two point targets that is contained in scattering data is explored in the context of the scalar Helmholtz operator via the Fisher information and associated Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) relevant to unbiased target separation estimation. The CRB results are obtained for the exact multiple scattering model and, for reference, also for the single ...