OBJECTIVE This in vitro study evaluated the effect of two different shades of resin cement (RC- A1 and A3) layer on color change, translucency parameter (TP), and chroma of low (LT) and high (HT) translucent reinforced lithium disilicate ceramic laminates. MATERIAL AND METHODS One dual-cured RC (Variolink II, A1- and A3-shade, Ivoclar Vivadent) was applied to 1-mm thick ceramic discs to creat...

Introduction: The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of light-curing modes and shades of methacrylate and silorane-based composite resins on temperature rise during polymerization of composite resins. Materials &Methods: In this in vitro study, ninety composite samples with two types of composite resin - methacrylate-based and a low-shrinkage silorane-based were prepared, in...

This is the flow of information between Plant–plant signalling Plants generate and perceive informational signals. individuals. An interaction is considered An interaction (between plants) is considered to be to be informational when it involves the informational when it involves the exchange of an exchange of an insignificant amount of matter or energy, in quantitative terms, insignificant amo...

We hypothesized that photoinhibition of shade-developed leaves of deciduous hardwood saplings would limit their ability to acclimate photosynthetically to increased irradiance, and we predicted that shade-tolerant sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) would be more susceptible to photoinhibition than intermediately shade-tolerant red oak (Quercus rubra L.). After four weeks in a canopy gap, photo...

This paper has provided the first set of quantitative data of diffuse erythemal UV and UVA in tree shade at a sub-tropical Southern Hemisphere latitude. Over the summer, approximately 60% of the erythemal UV radiation in the tree shade is due to the diffuse component. Similarly, approximately 56% of the UVA radiation in the tree shade is due to the diffuse component. In the tree shade these dif...

Sun and shade plants are often discriminated by a number of sun- and shade-type anatomies. Nonetheless, we propose that among tank-bromeliads, changes in rosette architecture satisfy the requirements for coping with contrasting light levels. The tank-bromeliad Neoregelia cruenta naturally colonises sub-habitats ranging from full exposure to direct sunlight, to shaded environments in sand ridge ...

For dairy cattle on pasture in temperate regions, it is largely unknown to what degree hot summer conditions impact energy metabolism, milk yield and milk composition and how effective shade is in reducing these negative effects. During the summer of 2012, a herd of Holstein cows was kept on pasture without access to shade (treatment NS). During the summers of 2011 and 2013, the herd was divide...

Since Baker’s [Baker, F.S., 1949. A revised tolerance table. J. For. 47, 179–181] classic contribution, shade tolerance indices have not been much modified for North American plant species. While many common tree and shrub species are included in the shade tolerance index, much less is known about this characteristic for the abundant and rich understory vascular and nonvascular plant layers. Th...

Plant hydraulic architecture has been studied extensively, yet we know little about how hydraulic properties relate to species' life history strategies, such as drought and shade tolerance. The prevailing theories seem contradictory. We measured the sapwood (K(s) ) and leaf (K(l) ) hydraulic conductivities of 40 coexisting tree species in a Bolivian dry forest, and examined associations with fu...