The objective was to understand how the amount of shade (shade cloth blocking 99% of solar radiation) influenced the behavior and physiology of Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle managed on pasture. We compared behavior, body temperature, and respiration rate of cattle provided with 1 of 3 treatments for 5 d: access to 2.4m(2) or 9.6m(2) shade/cow, or no shade (n=4 groups/treatment, 10 animals/grou...

Light is a critical resource needed by plants for growth and reproduction. A major portion of the apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) tree’s canopy is subjected to shade during most daylight hours each day and such shade may affect productivity. The current research determined effects of morning, afternoon, and all-day shading on processes that are significant to orchard productivity. In 1996 ‘Gin...

BACKGROUND Knowledge on microclimate conditions under artificial shades in a ginseng field would facilitate climate-aware management of ginseng production. METHODS Weather data were measured under the shade and outside the shade at two fields located in Gochang-gun and Jeongeup-si, Korea, in 2011 and 2012 seasons to assess temperature and humidity conditions under the shade. An empirical appr...

Shade structures are often considered as one method of reducing stress in feedlot cattle. Selection of a suitable shade material can be difficult without data that quantify material effectiveness for stress reduction. A summer study was conducted during 2007 using instrumented shade structures in conjunction with meteorological measurements to estimate relative effectiveness of various shade ma...

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The most widely used shade guide for composite materials is made of ceramic and arranged according to a non-proven method. There is a need for a composite shade guide using a scientifically based arrangement principle. PURPOSE To compare the shade tab arrangement of the Vitapan Classical shade guide and an individually made composite shade guide using both the originally ...

We examined the principal differences in photosynthetic characteristics between sun and shade foliage and determined the relative importance of biochemical and stomatal limitations during photosynthetic induction. Temperate-zone broadleaf and conifer tree species, ranging widely in shade tolerance, were investigated from one locality in the Czech Republic. The study species included strongly sh...

The protective nature of specific shade environments was investigated by measuring the spectral UV in the shade for the three planes (horizontal, 45 degrees and vertical) and comparing this to that on a horizontal plane in full sun. Spectral UV irradiance measurements were made under clear sky conditions at a sub-tropical southern hemisphere site. The solar UV in the shade of a shade umbrella, ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro color agreement between nanofluorapatite ceramic discs (e.max Ceram / Ivoclar Vivadent / A2) associated with try-in pastes and those bonded with resin cements (Vitique / DMG/ try-in shade A2½ and cement shade A2½, Variolink II / Ivoclar Vivadent / try-in shade A1 and cement shade A1, and Choice 2 / Bisco / try-in shade A2 and cement shade A2), ...

The solar spectral UVR irradiances in tree shade and sunlight have been measured in a sub-tropical southern hemisphere summer. The spectral data allowed the UVB and UVA irradiances and the biologically effective irradiances to be calculated for different harmful biological processes to human skin and eyes. The average of the ratio of the UVA to UVB irradiances was lower by 26% in the shade comp...