Spinal integration of sensory signals associated with hip position, muscle loading, and cutaneous sensation of the foot contributes to movement regulation. The exact interactive effects of these sensory signals under controlled dynamic conditions are unknown. The purpose of the present study was to establish the effects of combined plantar cutaneous afferent excitation and hip movement on the H...

Krasnogorski (1913), who was working with Pavlov in St. Petersburg, described his experiments on establishing conditioned reflexes in children. His methods were expanded by Mateer (1918) whose paper will be described later. No further relevant work on the subject was published until Pavlov's famous book on Conditioned Reflexes (Pavlov, 1927). This work is well known and only a brief summary of ...

Reflex responses to mechanical stimulation of muscle (brief imposed movement) were investigated. Reflexes were elicited in the forefinger, recording from the first dorsal interosseous (FDI), and in the foot, recording from soleus. These responses typically consisted of a short-latency component (M1) and a long-latency component (M2) at 33 ms and 53 ms, respectively, after the stimulus in the ca...

Histological and electrophysiological studies were performed on Lewis rats with acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by inoculation with guinea-pig myelin basic protein (MBP) and Freund's adjuvant. The histological studies showed demyelination in the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal dorsal and ventral spinal roots and to a lesser extent in the spinal cord, including the dorsa...

Transected dorsal root axons of adult rats can be induced to regenerate through the normally non-permissive environment of the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) into the spinal cord by implanting enteric glia (EG) into the DREZ. We have now examined whether the regenerating central axons make functional connections by studying the return of function of a behavioral response, the cutaneous trunci mu...

Previous studies indicate that plantar cutaneous afferents participate in modulation of muscle reflexes; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of hypothermically reduced plantar foot sensation on the Achilles tendon reflex. Short latency responses of three muscles were analyzed under three temperatures: Stage I (25°C), Stage II (12°...

A technique of distributed surface electrical stimulation of the foot sole was used to elicit the withdrawal reflex in ankle flexors and extensors during gait. Tibialis anterior and soleus reflexes were recorded from 8 subjects during treadmill walking. The largest responses in tibialis anterior were evoked at the arch of the foot, while in soleus the largest responses were elicited at the heel...