BACKGROUND Microglial activation is a pathological feature common to both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD and PD). The classical activation involves release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. This is necessary for maintenance of tissue homeostasis and host defense, but can cause bystander damage when the activation is sustained and uncontrolled. In recent years ...

BACKGROUND Proper diagnosis of myeloid leukemia cutis (LC) is of great clinical importance but can be difficult because no single immunohistochemical marker is adequately sensitive or specific for definitive diagnosis. Thus, a broader panel of markers is often desirable. CD163 is highly specific for normal and neoplastic cells of the monocyte/histiocyte lineage. In this study, we examined the v...

In inflammatory diseases, macrophages are a main producer of a range of cytokines regulating the inflammatory state. This also includes inflammation induced by tumor growth, which recruits so-called tumor-associated macrophages supporting tumor growth. Macrophages are therefore relevant targets for cytotoxic or phenotype-modulating drugs in the treatment of inflammatory and cancerous diseases. ...

OBJECTIVE Macrophages are the infiltrate components of tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE). This study is aimed at examining the role of different subsets of macrophages in pleural fluid (PF) and peripheral blood (PB) from patients with new onset TPE. METHODS The numbers of PB and PF CD163(+), CD206(+) and CD115(+) macrophages in 25 patients with new onset TPE and 17 healthy controls (HC) were...

PURPOSE The presence of a high number of infiltrating macrophages in uveal melanoma is associated with a bad prognosis. However, there are several known types of macrophages, of which the M2 is considered to be proangiogenic and tumor-promoting. This study was conducted to determine whether the tumor-infiltrating macrophages in uveal melanoma are of this M2 subtype. METHODS Macrophages were i...

Monocytes have been recently subdivided into three subsets: classical (CD14++CD16-), intermediate (CD14++CD16+), and non-classical (CD14+CD16++) subsets, but phenotypic and functional abnormalities of the three monocyte subsets in HIV-1 infection have not been fully characterized, especially in acute HIV-1 infection (AHI). In the study, we explored the dynamic changes of monocyte subsets and th...

Regulatory T cells (Tregs), identified by the expression of CD4, CD25 and Foxp3, together with immunosuppressive macrophages, such as CD163+ M2 macrophages, are involved in maintaining peripheral tolerance. The aim of this study was to elucidate the involvement of Tregs and CD163+ macrophages in invasive and non-invasive extramammary Paget's disease. The presence of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs, CD163...

BACKGROUND Undernourished, HIV-infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa have high levels of systemic inflammation, which is a risk factor for mortality and other adverse health outcomes. We hypothesized that microbial translocation, due to the deleterious effects of HIV and poor nutrition on intestinal defenses and mucosal integrity, contributes to heightened systemic inflammation in this populati...