Variations among the posterior compartment muscles of the thigh are uncommon. In 1998, Somayaji et al [1] reported a muscle which originated from the semimembranosus and biceps femoris muscles and then inserted in to the superficial surface of the tendo calcaneous. According to Barry and Bothroyd [2] extra slips of origin associated with gastrocnemius and soleus usually join those muscles or th...

Back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide, preventing many people from engaging in work or other everyday activities. Good posture entails training your body to develop a habit that exerts least amount pressure on supporting ligaments and muscles; however, not consciously maintained. Instead, muscle groups automatically support enable flexing spine, meaning efforts improve will ult...

The sciatic nerve is a largest single nerve of the lumbosacral nervous plexus. This nerve innervates all muscles of the leg and foot as well as the flexor muscles of the knee joint. Many variations in the direction and relations of sciatic nerve were described. The current case report presented a thick septum situated posterior to the sciatic nerve and its branches spread throughout the back of...

Vestibular pathways form short-latency disynaptic connections with neck motoneurons, whereas they form longer-latency disynaptic and polysynaptic connections with lower limb motoneurons. We quantified frequency responses of vestibular reflexes in neck, back, and lower limb muscles to explain between-muscle differences. Two hypotheses were evaluated: 1) that muscle-specific motor-unit properties...

The intention of this study to design the probability optimized sewing sack’s workstation based on ergonomics for productivity improvement and decreasing musculoskeletal disorders. The physical dimensions of two workers were using to design the new workstation. The physical dimensions are (1) sitting height, (2) mid shoulder height sitting, (3) shoulder breadth, (4) knee height, (5) popliteal h...

Today non-traumatic low back pain (LBP) is a social disease being attributed to weakening the function of abdominal and back muscles. Condition of deep muscles, inaccessible to non-invasive examinations, can be assessed by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The method allows for the assessment of cross-sections, muscle girths, as well as their intensity (brightness). The aim of the inve...

Although strength and conditioning exercises have been prescribed to enhance performance and prevent injury in sailors, little is known about these exercises in comparison to the demands placed on the sailor's musculature while hiking maximally. Because of the difficulty in collecting hiking-related data on water, a 3-minute maximal hiking test (HM180) has been previously developed for use in t...